National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2005-2006

The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) is a program of studies designed to assess the health and nutritional status of adults and children in the United States. The NHANES combines personal interviews and physical examinations, which focus on different population groups or health topics. These surveys have been conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) on a periodic basis from 1971 to 1994. In 1999 the NHANES became a continuous program with a changing focus on a variety of health and nutrition measurements which were designed to meet current and emerging concerns. The surveys examine a nationally representative sample of approximately 5,000 persons each year. These persons are located in counties across the United States, 15 of which are visited each year. For NHANES 2005-2006, there were 10,348 persons selected for the sample, 10,122 of those were interviewed (79.3 percent) and 9,643 (75.6 percent) were examined in the mobile examination centers (MEC). Many of the NHANES 2005-2006 questions were also asked in NHANES II 1976-1980, Hispanic HANES 1982-1984, NHANES III 1988-1994, and NHANES 1999-2004. New questions were added to the survey based on recommendations from survey collaborators, NCHS staff, and other interagency work groups. As in past health examination surveys, data were collected on the prevalence of chronic conditions in the population. Estimates for previously undiagnosed conditions, as well as those known to and reported by survey respondents, are produced through the survey. Risk factors, those aspects of a person's lifestyle, constitution, heredity, or environment that may increase the chances of developing a certain disease or condition, were examined. Data on smoking, alcohol consumption, sexual practices, drug use, physical fitness and activity, weight, and dietary intake were collected. Information on certain aspects of reproductive health, such as use of oral contraceptives and breastfeeding practices, were also collected. The diseases, medical conditions, and health indicators that were studied include: anemia, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and lower extremity disease, environmental exposures, equilibrium, hearing loss, infectious diseases and immunization, kidney disease, mental health and cognitive functioning, nutrition, obesity, oral health, osteoporosis, physical fitness and physical functioning, reproductive history and sexual behavior, respiratory disease (asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema), sexually transmitted diseases, skin diseases, and vision. The sample for the survey was selected to represent the United States population of all ages. Special emphasis in the 2005-2006 NHANES was on adolescent health and the health of older Americans. To produce reliable statistics for these groups, adolescents aged 15-19 years and persons aged 60 years and older were over-sampled for the survey. African Americans and Mexican Americans were also over-sampled to enable accurate estimates for these groups. Several important areas in adolescent health, including nutrition and fitness and other aspects of growth and development, were addressed. Since the United States has experienced dramatic growth in the number of older people during the twentieth century, the aging population has major implications for health care needs, public policy, and research priorities. NCHS is working with public health agencies to increase the knowledge of the health status of older Americans. NHANES has a primary role in this endeavor. In the examination, all participants visit the physician who takes their pulse or blood pressure. Dietary interviews and body measurements are included for everyone. All but the very young have a blood sample taken and see the dentist. Depending upon the age of the participant, the rest of the examination includes tests and procedures to assess the various aspects of health listed above. Usually, the older the individual, the more extensive the examination. Some persons who are unable or unwilling to come to the examination center may be given a less extensive examination in their homes.
Demographic data file variables are grouped into three broad categories: (1) Status Variables: provide core information on the survey participant. Examples of the core variables include interview status, examination status, and sequence number. (Sequence number is a unique ID assigned to each sample person and is required to match the information on this demographic file to the rest of the NHANES 2005-2006 data). (2) Recoded Demographic Variables: these variables include age (age in months for persons through age 19 years, 11 months; age in years for 1- to 84-year-olds, and a top-coded age group of 85 years of age and older), gender, a race/ethnicity variable, current or highest grade of education completed, (less than high school, high school, and more than high school education), country of birth (United States, Mexico, or other foreign born), Poverty Income Ratio (PIR), income, and a pregnancy status variable (adjudicated from various pregnancy related variables). Some of the groupings were made due to limited sample sizes for the two-year dataset. (3) Interview and Examination Sample Weight Variables: sample weights are available for analyzing NHANES 2005-2006 data. For a complete listing of survey contents for all years of the NHANES see the document -- Survey Content -- NHANES 1999-2010.

美国国家健康与营养检查调查（National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, NHANES）是一项旨在评估美国成年人与儿童健康及营养状况的研究项目。NHANES整合了个人访谈与体格检查内容，针对不同人群群体或健康主题开展调研。该调查由美国国家卫生统计中心（National Center for Health Statistics, NCHS）于1971年至1994年间周期性开展。1999年起，NHANES转为持续性项目，其调研重点随当前及新兴健康关切动态调整，涵盖多类健康与营养测量内容。每年，该调查会选取约5000名具有全国代表性的样本对象，这些对象分布于美国各地的县，每年会走访其中15个县。以2005-2006年的NHANES为例，共筛选出10348名样本对象，其中10122人完成了访谈（应答率79.3%），9643人（75.6%）在流动体检中心（Mobile Examination Centers, MEC）接受了体格检查。

NHANES 2005-2006的多数问卷问题也被沿用至1976-1980年的NHANES II、1982-1984年的西班牙裔NHANES、1988-1994年的NHANES III以及1999-2004年的NHANES中。调研新增问题均基于调查合作方、NCHS工作人员及其他跨机构工作组的建议设置。与过往健康检查调查一致，本次调查收集了人群慢性病患病率相关数据。通过该调查，可生成此前未被诊断的疾病，以及调查对象已知并自述的疾病的相关估计值。调查还针对危险因素展开分析——危险因素指个体生活方式、体质、遗传或环境中可能提升特定疾病或健康问题发病风险的各类因素。调研收集了吸烟、饮酒、性行为、药物使用、体能与活动水平、体重及膳食摄入等相关数据，同时也收集了生殖健康相关信息，如口服避孕药使用情况与母乳喂养行为等。本次研究所覆盖的疾病、健康状况及健康指标包括：贫血、心血管疾病、糖尿病与下肢疾病、环境暴露、平衡能力、听力损失、传染病与免疫接种、肾脏疾病、心理健康与认知功能、营养状况、肥胖、口腔健康、骨质疏松症、体能与身体机能、生殖史与性行为、呼吸系统疾病（哮喘、慢性支气管炎、肺气肿）、性传播疾病、皮肤病及视力健康。

本次调查的样本选取旨在代表全年龄段的美国人口。2005-2006年的NHANES特别关注青少年健康与美国老年人健康。为确保这两类群体的统计结果可靠，研究对15-19岁青少年及60岁及以上老年人进行了过度抽样。同时，非裔美国人与墨西哥裔美国人也被过度抽样，以实现对这两类群体的精准估计。青少年健康领域的多个重要方向，包括营养与体能状况及其他生长发育相关内容，均被纳入调研范畴。自20世纪以来，美国老年人口数量大幅增长，人口老龄化对医疗保健需求、公共政策及研究优先级均产生了深远影响。NCHS正与公共卫生机构合作，提升对美国老年人健康状况的认知水平，而NHANES在这一工作中扮演着核心角色。

在体格检查环节，所有参与者都会接受医师的脉搏与血压测量。所有人均需完成膳食访谈与身体测量。除极低龄儿童外，所有参与者都将采集血液样本并接受牙科检查。根据参与者年龄不同，后续检查还将涵盖前文提及的各类健康评估项目与检测。通常而言，参与者年龄越大，检查项目越全面。对于无法或不愿前往体检中心的对象，调查人员会上门开展简化版体格检查。

人口统计学数据文件的变量可分为三大类：
1. 状态变量（Status Variables）：提供调查参与者的核心信息。核心变量示例包括访谈状态、检查状态与序列编号（序列编号为每个样本对象分配的唯一标识符，用于将该人口统计学文件中的信息与NHANES 2005-2006的其他数据集进行匹配）。
2. 重编码人口统计学变量（Recoded Demographic Variables）：此类变量包括年龄（19岁11个月及以下人群以月龄记录年龄，1-84岁人群以周岁记录年龄，85岁及以上人群设为顶码年龄组）、性别、种族/族裔变量、当前或最高完成学历层次（分为高中以下、高中及高中以上）、出生国家（美国、墨西哥或其他外国出生）、贫困收入比（Poverty Income Ratio, PIR）、收入以及妊娠状态变量（基于多项妊娠相关变量判定）。部分变量分组设置的原因在于两年期数据集的样本量有限。
3. 访谈与检查样本权重变量（Interview and Examination Sample Weight Variables）：样本权重可用于分析NHANES 2005-2006的相关数据。如需获取NHANES所有年份的完整调查内容清单，请参阅文档——《调查内容》——NHANES 1999-2010。

搜集汇总

背景与挑战

背景概述

该数据集是美国国家健康与营养调查（NHANES）2005-2006年的部分，旨在通过个人访谈和体检评估美国成人和儿童的健康与营养状况，具有全国代表性。调查覆盖了10,348名样本个体，特别关注青少年和老年人健康，并对非裔美国人和墨西哥裔美国人进行了过采样，以提供更准确的群体估计。数据内容包括慢性病、风险因素（如吸烟、饮食）、多种健康指标（如心血管疾病、糖尿病）以及人口统计信息，适用于健康研究和政策制定。