Hummingbirds exhibit complex vocal repertoires that they use in their social interactions. Furthermore, they are capable of vocal production learning, an ability they share with songbirds, parrots, so
For each focal male, whether he did (YES) or did not (NO) repertoire match playback of an unshared neighbor song and whether he sang the same target song(s) for playback of an unshared stranger song,
Spectral properties of animal acoustic signals may help individuals to assess the characteristics of rivals and to adjust their competitive strategies in territorial disputes. Thus, we hypothesize tha
