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TP53 Regulates Metabolic Genes

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reactome.org2025-03-23 收录
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While the p53 tumor suppressor protein (TP53) is known to inhibit cell growth by inducing apoptosis, senescence and cell cycle arrest, recent studies have found that p53 is also able to influence cell metabolism to prevent tumor development. TP53 regulates transcription of many genes involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, nucleotides and amino acids, protein synthesis and aerobic respiration.<p>TP53 stimulates transcription of TIGAR, a D-fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase. TIGAR activity decreases glycolytic rate and lowers ROS (reactive oxygen species) levels in cells (Bensaad et al. 2006). TP53 may also negatively regulate the rate of glycolysis by inhibiting the expression of glucose transporters GLUT1, GLUT3 and GLUT4 (Kondoh et al. 2005, Schwartzenberg-Bar-Yoseph et al. 2004, Kawauchi et al. 2008).<p>TP53 negatively regulates several key points in PI3K/AKT signaling and downstream mTOR signaling, decreasing the rate of protein synthesis and, hence, cellular growth. TP53 directly stimulates transcription of the tumor suppressor PTEN, which acts to inhibit PI3K-mediated activation of AKT (Stambolic et al. 2001). TP53 stimulates transcription of sestrin genes, SESN1, SESN2, and SESN3 (Velasco-Miguel et al. 1999, Budanov et al. 2002, Brynczka et al. 2007). One of sestrin functions may be to reduce and reactivate overoxidized peroxiredoxin PRDX1, thereby reducing ROS levels (Budanov et al. 2004, Papadia et al. 2008, Essler et al. 2009). Another function of sestrins is to bind the activated AMPK complex and protect it from AKT-mediated inactivation. By enhancing AMPK activity, sestrins negatively regulate mTOR signaling (Budanov and Karin 2008, Cam et al. 2014). The expression of DDIT4 (REDD1), another negative regulator of mTOR signaling, is directly stimulated by TP63 and TP53. DDIT4 prevents AKT-mediated inactivation of TSC1:TSC2 complex, thus inhibiting mTOR cascade (Cam et al. 2014, Ellisen et al. 2002, DeYoung et al. 2008). TP53 may also be involved, directly or indirectly, in regulation of expression of other participants of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling, such as PIK3CA (Singh et al. 2002), TSC2 and AMPKB (Feng et al. 2007). <p>TP53 regulates mitochondrial metabolism through several routes. TP53 stimulates transcription of SCO2 gene, which encodes a mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase assembly protein (Matoba et al. 2006). TP53 stimulates transcription of RRM2B gene, which encodes a subunit of the ribonucleotide reductase complex, responsible for the conversion of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides and essential for the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA content in the cell (Tanaka et al. 2000, Bourdon et al. 2007, Kulawiec et al. 2009). TP53 also transactivates mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), a nuclear-encoded gene important for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) transcription and maintenance (Park et al. 2009). Finally, TP53 stimulates transcription of the mitochondrial glutaminase GLS2, leading to increased mitochondrial respiration rate and reduced ROS levels (Hu et al. 2010). <p>The great majority of tumor cells generate energy through aerobic glycolysis, rather than the much more efficient aerobic mitochondrial respiration, and this metabolic change is known as the Warburg effect (Warburg 1956). Since the majority of tumor cells have impaired TP53 function, and TP53 regulates a number of genes involved in glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration, it is likely that TP53 inactivation plays an important role in the metabolic derangement of cancer cells such as the Warburg effect and the concomitant increased tumorigenicity (reviewed by Feng and Levine 2010). On the other hand, some mutations of TP53 in Li-Fraumeni syndrome may result in the retention of its wild-type metabolic activities while losing cell cycle and apoptosis functions (Wang et al. 2013). Consistent with such human data, some mutations of p53, unlike p53 null state, retain the ability to regulate energy metabolism while being inactive in regulating its classic gene targets involved in cell cycle, apoptosis and senescence. Retention of metabolic and antioxidant functions of p53 protects p53 mutant mice from early onset tumorigenesis (Li et al. 2012).

p53肿瘤抑制蛋白(TP53)众所周知,通过诱导细胞凋亡、衰老和细胞周期停滞来抑制细胞生长。近期研究却发现,p53亦能影响细胞代谢,从而预防肿瘤的发生。TP53调控众多基因的转录,这些基因与碳水化合物的代谢、核苷酸和氨基酸的代谢、蛋白质合成以及有氧呼吸相关。TP53可刺激TIGAR(D-果糖2,6-二磷酸酶)的转录,TIGAR活性降低糖酵解速率并降低细胞内的活性氧(ROS)水平(Bensaad等人,2006年)。TP53可能通过抑制葡萄糖转运蛋白GLUT1、GLUT3和GLUT4的表达,从而负向调控糖酵解速率(Kondoh等人,2005年,Schwartzenberg-Bar-Yoseph等人,2004年,Kawauchi等人,2008年)。TP53负向调控PI3K/AKT信号通路及其下游的mTOR信号通路中的多个关键点,降低蛋白质合成的速率,进而减少细胞生长。TP53直接刺激肿瘤抑制基因PTEN的转录,PTEN通过抑制PI3K介导的AKT激活发挥作用(Stambolic等人,2001年)。TP53还刺激sestrin基因(SESN1、SESN2和SESN3)的转录(Velasco-Miguel等人,1999年,Budanov等人,2002年,Brynczka等人,2007年)。其中,sestrin的功能之一可能是降低和重新激活过度氧化的过氧化还原蛋白PRDX1,从而降低ROS水平(Budanov等人,2004年,Papadia等人,2008年,Essler等人,2009年)。sestrin的另一个功能是结合激活的AMPK复合物并保护其免受AKT介导的失活。通过增强AMPK活性,sestrin负向调控mTOR信号通路(Budanov和Karin,2008年,Cam等人,2014年)。DDIT4(REDD1),mTOR信号通路的另一个负向调节因子,其表达直接受到TP63和TP53的刺激。DDIT4通过防止AKT介导的TSC1:TSC2复合物的失活,从而抑制mTOR级联反应(Cam等人,2014年,Ellisen等人,2002年,DeYoung等人,2008年)。TP53可能直接或间接地参与调节PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路其他参与者的表达,如PIK3CA(Singh等人,2002年)、TSC2和AMPKB(Feng等人,2007年)。TP53通过多种途径调控线粒体代谢。TP53刺激SCO2基因的转录,该基因编码线粒体细胞色素c氧化酶组装蛋白(Matoba等人,2006年)。TP53还刺激RRM2B基因的转录,该基因编码核糖核苷酸还原酶复合物的亚基,负责将核糖核苷酸转化为脱氧核苷酸,这对于维持细胞内线粒体DNA含量至关重要(Tanaka等人,2000年,Bourdon等人,2007年,Kulawiec等人,2009年)。TP53还转激活线粒体转录因子A(TFAM),这是一个核编码基因,对于线粒体DNA(mtDNA)的转录和维持至关重要(Park等人,2009年)。最后,TP53刺激线粒体谷氨酰胺酶GLS2的转录,导致线粒体呼吸速率增加和ROS水平降低(Hu等人,2010年)。大多数肿瘤细胞通过有氧糖酵解而非更高效的线粒体有氧呼吸来产生能量,这种代谢改变被称为Warburg效应(Warburg,1956年)。鉴于大多数肿瘤细胞TP53功能受损,且TP53调控许多参与糖酵解和线粒体呼吸的基因,因此推测TP53失活在癌症细胞的代谢紊乱,如Warburg效应及其伴随的肿瘤发生增加中起着重要作用(Feng和Levine,2010年综述)。另一方面,某些Li-Fraumeni综合征中的TP53突变可能导致保留其野生型代谢活性,同时丧失细胞周期和凋亡功能(Wang等人,2013年)。与这些人类数据一致,某些p53突变,与p53无活性状态不同,保留了调节能量代谢的能力,而在调节细胞周期、凋亡和衰老的经典基因靶点上处于失活状态。保留p53的代谢和抗氧化功能可以保护p53突变小鼠免于早期肿瘤发生(Li等人,2012年)。
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