Data_Sheet_1_Elucidating the endophytic bacterial and fungal community composition and diversity in the tree fern Alsophila spinulosa through meta-amplicon sequencing.docx

Plant tissues harbor abundant endophytes, which are crucial for plant growth. Endophytes present in Alsophila spinulosa, which is enriched with medicinal components, have not been isolated and characterized yet. Here we employed meta-amplicon sequencing to identify endophytic species and examined their diversity in the leaves, petioles, roots and stems of A. spinulosa. Our findings revealed 1,247 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) for endophytic bacteria across 210 species and 476 OTUs for endophytic fungi across 222 species. Alpha diversity analysis showed the highest endophytic bacterial diversity in A. spinulosa roots, whereas fungal diversity was similar across the leaf, petiole and root tissues. Fungal diversity in the leaves and petioles was markedly higher than that in the stems. Furthermore, beta diversity analysis revealed similarities in the endophytic bacterial and fungal compositions between the leaves and petioles, whereas the compositions in roots and stems considerably differed from those in the leaves and petioles. At the genus level, the predominant endophytic bacteria were Methylobacterium-Methylorubrum and Pseudomonas, whereas the predominant endophytic fungi were Cutaneotrichosporon and Pseudofabraea. Linear discriminant analysis effect size revealed characteristic endophytic bacterial genera specific to each tissue type and characteristic endophytic fungal genera specifically in the leaves, petioles and roots. The co-occurrence network analysis indicated that the complexity of endophyte networks was the highest in the leaves and the lowest in the stems of A. spinulosa. Overall, this study elucidates the distribution patterns of endophytes in A. spinulosa across various tissues, offering valuable microbial resources for the development of natural products for medicinal application.

植物组织内寄居着丰富的内生菌，这些内生菌对于植物的生长至关重要。富含药用成分的Alsophila spinulosa中的内生菌尚未被分离和鉴定。本研究采用元扩增子测序技术来识别内生菌种类，并考察了其在A. spinulosa的叶片、叶柄、根和茎中的多样性。我们的研究结果揭示了在210个物种中存在1,247个操作分类单元（OTU）的内生细菌，以及222个物种中存在476个OTU的内生真菌。α多样性分析表明，A. spinulosa的根中内生细菌的多样性最高，而真菌的多样性在叶片、叶柄和根部组织中相似。叶片和叶柄中的真菌多样性显著高于茎部。此外，β多样性分析揭示了叶片和叶柄内生细菌和真菌组成的相似性，而根部和茎部的组成与叶片和叶柄有显著差异。在属水平上，优势内生细菌为Methylobacterium-Methylorubrum和Pseudomonas，而优势内生真菌为Cutaneotrichosporon和Pseudofabraea。线性判别分析效应大小揭示了针对每种组织类型的特定内生细菌属和仅在叶片、叶柄和根部中存在的特定内生真菌属。共生网络分析表明，内生菌网络在叶片中的复杂性最高，在茎部中的最低。总体而言，本研究阐明了A. spinulosa各种组织中内生菌的分布模式，为开发药用天然产物提供了有价值的微生物资源。