Natural mortality rates estimated by life history invariant methods and estimates of the effort required to exceed the sustainable harvest associated with each mortality rate.

1 See S6 Fig for life history traits used in analysis.2F = Z–M, where Z is 0.42 from the length-converted catch curve analysis (S7 Fig).3FMSY= 0.87 * M, from Zhou et al. [31].4MSY = (1- exp(-FMSY)) * BIOMASS, where Hovsgol grayling biomass is 1,214,400 kg based on Ahrenstorff et al. [21].5 Number of nights required to reach MSY assuming fishers use 50-m of optimal mesh gillnet each night (15 kg grayling night-1).6 Number of fishers required to reach MSY assuming each fisher uses 50-m of optimal mesh gillnet 100 nights per year.7 Percentage of families participating in the fishery assuming a resident population of 5,440 and average family size of 3.6 people per household (1,511 families; NSOM [19]).Natural mortality rates estimated by life history invariant methods and estimates of the effort required to exceed the sustainable harvest associated with each mortality rate.