Monitoring Hawaii's marine protected areas examining spatial and temporal trends using a seascape approach

"Hawaii's coastal marine resources have declined dramatically over the past 100 years due to multiple anthropogenic stressors including overfishing, coastal development, pollution, overuse, invasive species and climate change. It is now becoming evident that ecosystem-based management, in the form of marine protected areas (MPAs), is necessary to conserve biodiversity, maintain viable fisheries, and deliver a broad suite of ecosystem services. Over the past four decades, Hawaii has developed a system of MPAs to conserve and replenish marine resources around the state. These Marine Life Conservation Districts (MLCDs) vary in size, habitat quality, and management regimes, providing an excellent opportunity to test hypotheses concerning MPA design and function using multiple discreet sampling units"--Executive summary. 2010 NOS (National Ocean Service) NCCOS (National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science) CoRIS (Coral Reef Information System) MPA (Marine Protected Areas) Library Public Domain 1936