Chromosome-level genome assembly of<i> </i>Oriental chestnut<i> </i>gall wasp (<i>Dryocosmus kuriphilus</i>) gene prediction update

<i>Dryocosmus kuriphilus</i>, commonly known as the chestnut gall wasp, belonging to the family Cynipidae and native to China. It is a highly invasive insect species causing serious damage to chestnut trees and rapidly spread to various continents, including Europe, North America, and Oceania. The <i>D. kuriphilus</i> has become one of the important pests of chestnut plants in the world and is listed as the quarantine object by the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). In this study, we used PacBio long reads, Illumina short reads, and Hi-C sequencing data to construct a chromosome level of <i>D. kuriphilus</i> genome. The assembled genome includes 14,729 contigs with a total length of 2.28 Gb, a contig N50 of 0.8 Mb. With Hi-C technology, 2.17 Gb (95.02%) of contigs was anchored and oriented into the 10 pseudochromosomes with the scaffold N50 of 198.8 Mb and the scaffold N90 of 158.8 Mb. In total, 21,584 protein-coding genes were predicted in the assembled <i>D. kuriphilus</i> genome as the reference gene set. A total of 1.82 Gb repeats (occupying 79.7 % of the genome), including 1.42 Gb of transposable elements and 0.40 Gb of tandem repeats, were identified in <i>D. kuriphilus</i> genome. In the evaluation of completeness, the BUSCO analysis determined a level of 98.1% completeness for the assembled genome sequences based on insecta database (OrthoDB version 10). The high-quality genome assembly of <i>D. kuriphilus</i> will not only provide a valuable reference for the study of its evolutionary history and genetic structure, but also facilitate the research of host-pest interactions and invasiveness. Moreover, this genome assembly will promote in the development of effective management strategies to mitigate the economic and ecological impacts of this invasive pest on chestnut trees and ecosystems.栗瘿蜂（Dryocosmus kuriphilus）俗称板栗瘿蜂，隶属于瘿蜂科（Cynipidae），原产于中国。该物种为极具入侵性的昆虫，对板栗树造成严重危害，并已快速扩散至欧洲、北美、大洋洲等多个大陆。目前，栗瘿蜂已成为全球板栗种植的重要害虫之一，被欧洲及地中海植物保护组织（European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization, EPPO）列为检疫性有害生物。本研究结合PacBio长读长测序（PacBio long reads）、Illumina短读长测序（Illumina short reads）与Hi-C测序（Hi-C sequencing）数据，构建了栗瘿蜂的染色体级基因组。组装获得的基因组包含14729个重叠群（contig），总长度为2.28 Gb，重叠群N50为0.8 Mb。借助Hi-C技术，我们将2.17 Gb（占组装序列的95.02%）的重叠群锚定并定向至10条假染色体（pseudochromosomes），最终得到的支架N50（scaffold N50）为198.8 Mb，支架N90（scaffold N90）为158.8 Mb。在组装完成的栗瘿蜂基因组中，共预测得到21584个蛋白质编码基因，作为参考基因集。此外，本研究在该基因组中共鉴定出1.82 Gb的重复序列（占基因组总长的79.7%），其中包括1.42 Gb的转座元件与0.40 Gb的串联重复序列。在完整性评价环节，基于昆虫纲数据库（OrthoDB版本10）的BUSCO分析显示，组装的基因组序列完整度达98.1%。本次获得的高质量栗瘿蜂基因组组装结果，不仅可为其进化历史与遗传结构研究提供宝贵参考资源，也将推动宿主-害虫互作及入侵机制相关研究的开展。此外，该基因组组装还有助于开发有效的防治策略，以减轻这一入侵性害虫对板栗产业及生态系统造成的经济与生态损失。