The HIV-1 protein Vpr impairs phagosome maturation by controlling microtubule-dependent trafficking

Primary human macrophages were non-infected, infected with HIV-1YU-2WT or HIV-1YU-2ΔVpr for 8 days. Cells were treated or not (basal) with nocodazole at 10 µM during 1 hour at 37°C. After washing, cells were fixed (time 0) or incubated at 37°C without nocodazole for the indicated times before fixation. Macrophages were then labeled with an anti-p24, followed by Cy2-anti-mouse IgG and a recombinant anti-tubulin, followed by Cy3-anti-human IgG. Images were acquired under a spinning disk microscope. Z stacks images were acquired.