Arctic coastal groundwater measurements, geophysical data, hydraulic parameters, from Simpson and Kaktovik Lagoons along the Beaufort Sea in the North Slope, Alaska, from 2019-2021..

The data provided here is published as a supplementary information to the article named "Coastal supra-permafrost aquifers of the Arctic and their significant groundwater, 6 carbon, and nitrogen fluxes" by Demir, C., McClelland, J. W., Bristol, E., Charette, M. A., Cardenas, M. B..
In this study, using field observations, analytical solutions and numerical models, we aimed to understand the importance of summer fresh submarine groundwater discharge (FSGD) for the hydrology and biogeochemistry of Arctic subterranean estuaries along the Beaufort Sea coast of Alaska. The field component of our study was completed at nearshore areas across the beach, from supra-tidal, inter-tidal, to sub-tidal zones, of Simpson and Kaktovik Lagoons. These lagoons were selected as two endmembers of the lagoon-groundwater systems bordered by barrier islands located along the Beaufort Sea coast in Northern Alaska. All the reported in situ measurements were done along transects of piezometers at each site. In Simpson Lagoon, we installed two shore-perpendicular transects (A, B) of partially screened piezometers, approximately 42 meters (m) away from each other. In Kaktovik Lagoon, a shore-perpendicular (~25 m long) transect was installed. Pressure transducers were installed inside the piezometers to monitor water level, temperature, and salinity at a measurement point depending on the screened interval length and position within each piezometer. Along the piezometer transects at each site, we installed multi-depth temperature sensors (HOBO 4-channel loggers and Alpha Mach Trods) into the sediment/seabed to capture the spatial distribution of temperatures in the beach and intertidal zone, as well as to estimate groundwater fluxes using heat as a tracer. Electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) surveys were implemented in three perpendicular directions forming a T-shape in Simpson Lagoon site A: (1) Lagoon bottom along the piezometer transect, (2) Shore parallel and (3) Tundra. Hydraulic conductivity of the disturbed/undisturbed sediment was calculated with various methods. We calculated the vertical groundwater flux via 3 different methods (1) vertical heat tracing, (2)Darcy's Law with vertical head gradients, and (3) numerical models. The fresh groundwater dissolved organic carbon (DOC), nitrogen (DON), carbon dioxide (Co2(aq)), and inorganic carbon (DIC) empirical datasets of different sizes, as well as the numerically derived fresh groundwater fluxes for Kaktovik and Simpson Lagoons, were fitted with lognormal distributions and randomly sampled. The distributions of concentrations and fresh groundwater fluxes were multiplied to estimate the FSGD derived
DOC - DON - CO2(aq) - DIC mass fluxes. Here we provide all the mentioned field-measured dataset, model files and the output groundwater flux dataset of the explained analyses.