Fruit and Vegetable Extracellular Vesicles: Biological Activity and Function as Delivery Carriers

Fruit and vegetable extracellular vesicles (EVs) refer to all nanoscale membrane vesicles derived from fruit and vegetable tissues. Unlike other EVs, those from fruits and vegetables originate from commonly consumed foods, making them not only cost-effective and readily available but also inherently safer. To date, there have been no reports of adverse reactions associated with their use. More than ten types of EVs from common fruits and vegetables have been identified, many of which have demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. Additionally, some fruit and vegetable EVs have been found to regulate intestinal function, promote wound healing, and exhibit immunosuppressive effects. Due to their excellent biocompatibility and low immunogenicity, these EVs are also promising candidates for delivery systems. This paper reviews the latest research advancements on EVs derived from fruits and vegetables, with a particular focus on their roles in biological activity and delivery vehicles. The goal is to support and provide reference for further research in this emerging field.