The summary of the proposed ATGO/ATGO+ and other 10 competing GO prediction methods on the 1068 benchmark proteins.

p-values in parenthesis are calculated between ATGO and other single-based methods and between ATGO+ and other composite methods by two-sided Student’s t-test. Specifically, the proposed ATGO and ATGO+ are repeatedly implemented with 10 times on the benchmark dataset to generate the corresponding performance evaluation indices, which are compared with the fixed evaluation index generated by the competing method to calculate p-value using two-sided Student’s t-test. Bold fonts highlight the best performer in each category. Coverage is the ratio of the number of proteins with available prediction scores divided by the total number of test proteins.