Canagliflozin reduces plasma uremic toxins with alterations of the intestinal microbiota in CKD mice

Accumulation of uremic toxins, which exert deleterious effects in chronic kidney disease, is influenced by the intestinal environment; the microbiota contributes to the production of representative uremic toxins including p-cresyl sulfate and indoxyl sulfate. Canagliflozin is a sodium/glucose co-transporter (SGLT) 2 inhibitor, and also exerts a modest inhibitory effect on SGLT1, which is expressed in the small intestine and whose inhibition can influence the intestinal environment. We examined the effect of canagliflozin on the accumulation of uremic toxins in chronic kidney disease using adenine-induced renal failure (RF) mice. We performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the cecal contents in the RF mice.