ALGORITHMS AND DATA STRUCTURES

Sorting algorithms are one of the most important topics in computer science and software engineering because they play a critical role in organizing and processing data efficiently. With the rapid growth of digital information, efficient sorting methods have become essential in databases, search engines, artificial intelligence systems, operating systems, and e-commerce platforms. This article examines the concept of algorithms and data structures with a special focus on sorting algorithms and their analytical evaluation.The paper discusses several fundamental sorting algorithms, including Bubble Sort, Selection Sort, Insertion Sort, Merge Sort, and Quick Sort. Each algorithm is analyzed based on its working mechanism, time complexity, memory usage, advantages, disadvantages, and practical applications. The study also explains the importance of Big O notation in evaluating algorithm efficiency and compares different algorithms using theoretical and practical perspectives. Furthermore, the article highlights how modern computing systems handle large-scale data sorting through parallel processing and external sorting techniques. The findings show that while simple algorithms are suitable for educational purposes and small datasets, advanced algorithms such as Merge Sort and Quick Sort provide significantly better performance for large-scale applications.Overall, the study demonstrates that understanding sorting algorithms and their complexities is essential for designing efficient software systems and improving computational performance in modern technology environments.