File S1 - First Early Hominin from Central Africa (Ishango, Democratic Republic of Congo)

File includes supporting text, supporting figures, and supporting tables. supporting text: Text S1. Previous evidence of hominin occupation in the Western Rift Valley Text S2. Ishango Site Text S2.1 History of excavations Text S2.2 Stratigraphy and Dating Text S2.3 Origin of #Ish25 upper molar Text S3. Raman spectroscopic analysis Text S4. Morphometric comparison Text S4.1 Crown dimensions Text S4.2 Cusp area analysis Text S4.3 Two- and three-dimensional dental tissue proportions Text S4.4 Enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) morphology References Supporting Figures: Figure S1. The excavation plan at Ishango 11 Figure S2. Schematized stratigraphic section of the ten first meters of Ishango N43GE trench Figure S3. Letter from de Heinzelin to Twiesselmann dated to Sunday 23rd of April 1950. Recto Figure S4. Letter from de Heinzelin to Twiesselmann dated to Sunday 23rd of April 1950. Verso Figure S5. First page of the Heinzelin notebook Figure S6. Letter from de Heinzelin to the director of the RBINS dated to the 16th of February 1951 Figure S7. First sketch of a stratigraphical section with the definition of the archaeological layers Figure S8. First map of the Ishango excavation dated from the 5th to 9th of May 1950 Figure S9. Photographs of the teeth from the LSA human assemblage (NFPr level) that were used as comparative samples for the Raman spectroscopic analyses Figure S10. Bivariate plot of the crown diameters of #Ish25 and the comparative sample (cf. Table S1) Figure S11. Bivariate plot of the relative paracone area in relation to the relative metacone area. Comparative samples as in Table S2 Figure S12. Scatter plot of the first and second principal components of the PCA on relative cusp areas. Comparative samples as in Table S2 Figure S13. Adjusted Z-scores of the two-dimensional dental tissue proportions of #Ish25 Figure S14. Bivariate plot of the volume of coronal dentine (DPVOL) and the relative enamel thickness (RET3D) Figure S15. Illustration of landmarks collected on the ridge curve, cervix curve and main dentine horns Figure S16. Comparison of the EDJ shape of #Ish25 Supporting Tables: Table S1. Crown dimensions (mm) of #Ish25 and the comparative group means and standard deviations Table S2. Comparison of crown and cusp areas between Ishango #Ish25 and comparative fossil groups (mm2) Table S3. Two-dimensional dental tissue proportions of M1 #Ish25 and the first upper molar comparative samples Table S4. Three-dimensional dental tissue proportion of M1 #Ish25 and the pooled upper molar comparative samples Table S5. First molar sample used to analyze EDJ shape of the #Ish25 molar Table S6. Second molar sample used to assess the classification of #Ish25 as a first molar Table S7. Classification of the M1/M2 comparative sample using a cross-validated CVA (DOC)