Environmental predictors used to develop the Ecological Niche Models of Betula pendula under past climate scenarios. ECOHUB Project

The bioclimatic variables used to generate past climate projections from ENMs of Betula pendula were produced using the Pastclim package (v1.2) in R (Leonardi et al., 2023), which provides access to the Beyer2020 dataset (Beyer et al., 2020). This dataset, available at a spatial resolution of 2.5 arc minutes, comprise temperature and precipitation parameters that are ecologically relevant to Betula pendula. We did not include elevation as a predictor, as this variable can be obtained independently from WorldClim (www.worldclim.org). This dataset covers successive periods from 17,000 to 3,000 BCE.

1. Subboreal (6000–3000 BCE)
Subboreal_BIO5.asc
Subboreal_BIO7.asc
Subboreal_BIO8.asc
Subboreal_BIO13.asc
Subboreal_BIO17.asc

2. Atlantic (8000–6000 BCE)
Atlantic_BIO5.asc
Atlantic_BIO7.asc
Atlantic_BIO8.asc
Atlantic_BIO13.asc
Atlantic_BIO17.asc

3. Boreal (10,000–8000 BCE)
Boreal_BIO5.asc
Boreal_BIO7.asc
Boreal_BIO8.asc
Boreal_BIO13.asc
Boreal_BIO17.asc

4. Preboreal (12,000–10,000 BCE)
Preboreal_BIO5.asc
Preboreal_BIO7.asc
Preboreal_BIO8.asc
Preboreal_BIO13.asc
Preboreal_BIO17.asc

5. Younger Dryas (13,000–12,000 BCE):
YoungerDryas_BIO5.asc
YoungerDryas_BIO7.asc
YoungerDryas_BIO8.asc
YoungerDryas_BIO13.asc
YoungerDryas_BIO17.asc

6. Bølling–Allerød (15,000–13,000 BCE):
BollingAllerod_BIO5.asc
BollingAllerod_BIO7.asc
BollingAllerod_BIO8.asc
BollingAllerod_BIO13.asc
BollingAllerod_BIO17.asc

7. Heinrich Stadial 1 – HS1 (17,000–15,000 BCE)
HS1_BIO5.asc
HS1_BIO7.asc
HS1_BIO8.asc
HS1_BIO13.asc
HS1_BIO17.asc