CHALLENGES AND LIMITATIONS OF ELECTRIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMS: ECONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL AND INFRASTRUCTURE PERSPECTIVES

This article examines the main challenges and limitations of electric transport systems from economic, environmental, and infrastructure perspectives. The study analyzes the high initial cost of electric vehicles, the uneven development of charging infrastructure, the growing pressure on power systems, and the environmental issues related to battery production, resource extraction, and end-of-life disposal. Particular attention is given to the contradiction between the environmental advantages of electric transport during operation and the hidden ecological costs that arise across the full life cycle. The article also considers infrastructure-related barriers, including insufficient charging coverage, long charging times, grid capacity constraints, and regional inequality in access to modern transport technologies. On this basis, the paper argues that the large-scale expansion of electric transport requires not only technological progress, but also integrated economic policy, sustainable energy planning, and effective battery management systems. The findings may be useful for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners working on sustainable mobility and transport modernization.