Solvent Effects and Activation Parameters in the Competitive Cleavage of C−CN and C−H Bonds in 2-Methyl-3-Butenenitrile Using [(dippe)NiH]₂

The reaction of [(dippe)NiH]2 with 2-methyl-3-butenenitrile (2M3BN) in solvents spanning a wide range of polarities shows significant differences in the ratio of C−H and C−CN activated products. C−H cleavage is favored in polar solvents, whereas C−C cleavage is favored in nonpolar solvents. This variation is attributed to the differential solvation of the transition states, which was further supported through the use of sterically bulky solvents and weakly coordinating solvents. Variation of the temperature of reaction of [(dippe)NiH]2 with 2M3BN in decane and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) allowed for the calculation of Eyring activation parameters for the C−CN activation and C−H activation mechanisms. The activation parameters for the C−H activation pathway were ΔH⧧ = 11.4 ± 5.3 kcal/mol and ΔS⧧ = −45 ± 15 e.u., compared with ΔH⧧ = 17.3 ± 2.6 kcal/mol and ΔS⧧ = −29 ± 7 e.u. for the C−CN activation pathway. These parameters indicate that C−H activation is favored enthalpically, but not entropically, over C−C activation, implying a more ordered transition state for the former.