Information_Update_Theory_1.3v

Conventional physics has failed to present a mechanism for the flow of time. This study originates from the intuition that "time flows when the information of a system is updated." If we view the universe as an "Information Density Field" where condensation and diffusion repeat continuously, time becomes not an absolute flow but the cumulative result of update cycles in which information changes. Therefore, instead of relying on the ambiguous concept of an 'observer,' this study establishes an Information Dynamics Equation that explains how a system's intrinsic 'proper time' varies according to changes in information density. In particular, it aims to consistently explain various phenomena in modern physics through a 'Logarithmic Saturation' mechanism, where information processing is delayed in high-energy regions. [v1.3 Major Update] unified Cosmology without Dark Matter & Dark Energy Galactic Rotation Curves: Analytically derived flat rotation curves ($v \approx \text{const}$) using the Logarithmic Saturation axiom, eliminating the need for Dark Matter (Appendix D). Hubble Tension: Resolved the tension by calculating a magnitude shift of $+0.32$ mag at $z=1.0$, interpreting cosmic acceleration as an information time dilation effect (Appendix E). Lithium Problem: Explained the $1/3$ lithium abundance by deriving the interaction time suppression factor ($\eta \approx 0.316$) in the early universe's near-critical regime (Appendix F). Typo Fixes: Corrected numerical errors and formatting issues from v1.2.