Environmental drivers of spatial variability of Chilean Benthic Marine Invertebrates: Appendices S4 and S5

Chilean benthic ecosystems make an ideal test case for studying macroecological patterns in species distributions. Chile spans ~39° in latitude, an eco-geographical gradient encompassing five marine ecoregions, significant variation in temperature, salinity, oxygen, solar radiation, and primary productivity, all of which are potential factors driving benthic community structure. This thesis aims to understand how key environmental drivers and human activities influence the spatial variability of benthic marine invertebrates along this gradient. I compile a new integrated biodiversity database and use it to calculate diversity metrics related to species richness, taxonomic diversity and functional diversity, and combine this with data on environmental covariates and human activities. Species richness and functional richness peaked between 42°-46° S. Taxonomic diversity increased south 42° S. Functional evenness peaked toward extreme northern and southern latitudes. Major anthropogenic activities related to diversity were aquaculture and human population density; however, contrary to expectation, diversity increased with increasing levels of these human pressures. My results highlight the importance of the Humboldt Current System for functional diversity: environmental stress (depletion of oxygen at maximum bottom depth and increasing sea bottom nitrate) modulates the benthic communities in this region. Hydrographic variability driven by bottom temperature and salinity gradients in the Patagonian fjords system influences taxonomic and functional diversities of benthic communities. My research confirmed the importance of latitudes between 42°-46° S as an area of high diversity of benthic marine invertebrates. Here, diversity is mainly driven by peaks of primary productivity. I argue that benthic invertebrate assemblages are composed of communities presenting a small volume of functional traits space, formed mainly by species tolerant to the environmental conditions, using available resources such as food and space, and presenting lower competition per resource. These communities show moderate levels of resilience to environmental changes and resistance to species loss.Databases summaries are in document 03Diversity species database: Tabular and integrated database in csv format. It contains 11 variables composed. Each row corresponds to one georeferenced species’ occurrences about benthic marine invertebrates from the Chilean coast and continental shelf within a distance of 100km from the coastline.Traits Database: Tabular database in CSV format. It contains 35 trait modalities divided into eight biological traits for 762 species of benthos. Information for each trait was obtained from scientific papers, thesis, books and open source databases, for instance: WoRMS (http://www.marinespecies.org), Biotic (https://www.marlin.ac.uk/biotic/), and Polytraits (http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu). A list of references for literature resources is available in Appendix 1. Data dictionary is available at 04-Metadata_Traits_Database.

智利海底生态系统为研究物种分布中的宏生态学模式提供了理想的测试案例。智利横跨约39度的纬度范围，涵盖了五个海洋生态区，生态地理梯度显著，温度、盐度、氧气、太阳辐射和初级生产力的变化显著，所有这些均为潜在因素，可能驱动海底群落结构。本论文旨在理解关键环境驱动因素和人类活动如何影响该梯度上海底海洋无脊椎动物的空间变异性。我编纂了一个新的综合生物多样性数据库，并利用它计算与物种丰富度、分类多样性及功能多样性相关的多样性指标，并将这些指标与环境共变因素和人类活动数据相结合。物种丰富度和功能丰富度在42°-46° S之间达到峰值。分类多样性在42° S以南增加。功能均匀度在极端的北纬和南纬达到峰值。与多样性相关的重大人为活动包括水产养殖和人口密度；然而，与预期相反，多样性随着这些人为压力水平的增加而增加。我的研究结果突出了洪堡洋流系统对功能多样性的重要性：环境压力（最大底部深度氧气耗竭和海底硝酸盐增加）调节该区域的海底群落。由巴塔哥尼亚峡湾系统中底部温度和盐度梯度驱动的水文变化影响了海底群落中的分类和功能多样性。我的研究证实了42°-46° S纬度区间作为海底海洋无脊椎动物高多样性区域的重要性。在此，多样性主要由初级生产力的峰值驱动。我主张海底无脊椎动物群落由呈现较小功能特性空间数量的群落组成，主要由耐受环境条件的物种构成，利用如食物和空间等可用资源，并且每个资源竞争程度较低。这些群落表现出对环境变化的中度弹性和对物种损失的抗性。数据库总结见文档03生物多样性物种数据库：以csv格式呈现的表格和集成数据库。它包含11个变量，每行对应智利海岸和大陆架100公里范围内的一个地理定位物种的分布。特性数据库：以CSV格式呈现的表格数据库。它包含35个特性模式，分为八个生物特性，涉及762种海底物种。每个特性的信息来源于科学论文、论文、书籍和开源数据库，例如：WoRMS（http://www.marinespecies.org）、Biotic（https://www.marlin.ac.uk/biotic/）和Polytraits（http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu）。参考文献列表可在附录1中找到。数据字典可在04元数据特性数据库中找到。