BAPQ subscale scores for fathers and mothers (mean, SD, range).

Independent samples t-tests show fathers' mean scores are significantly higher than mothers' mean scores, *pControl mean/SD scores, and the suggested cut-off scores indicating the presence of each trait, are taken from Hurley et al., [46]. Although on average the fathers from our sample scored above, and the mothers scored below the controls from the Hurley et al sample, direct comparisons were not possible because separate scores for males and females were not provided in the Hurley paper. However, Hurley et al do suggest that cut-off scores used to indicate the presence of a BAP trait will be higher in males than females, but the sample size for separate genders was too small to give reliable scores. Nevertheless, the implication is that in the general population males tend to score higher than females on the BAPQ.