Supplementary information files for The effectiveness of home-based exergames training on cognition and balance in older adults: A comparative quasi-randomized study of two exergame interventions

(c) the Authors, CC-BY NC ND 4.0Supplementary files for article The effectiveness of home-based exergames training on cognition and balance in older adults: A comparative quasi-randomized study of two exergame interventionsBackground and Objectives: The effectiveness of exergames on fall risk and related physical and cognitive function in older adults is still unclear, with conflicting findings. The discrepancy in these results could be due to the different components and task-specific demands of individual exergame interventions. This open-label quasi-randomized study aimed to compare the efficacy of 2 different home-based dual-task exergame treatments on cognition, mobility, and balance in older people. Research Design and Methods: Fifty older adults (65–85 years of age) were allocated to one of two 8-week exergame interventions: Cognitive-Intensive Exergame Training (CIT) or Physical-Intensive Exergame Training (PIT). Cognitive functions, balance, and mobility were assessed at baseline and after 8 weeks. Group × time interaction was measured by repeated-measure ANOVA, and both intention-to-treat (ITT) and per-protocol (PP) analyses were performed to assess the effectiveness of exergame interventions. Results: ITT analyses showed that improvement in visual processing speed and visuospatial working memory was greater in the CIT group, with a medium effect size (p = .04; η2 = 0.09 and p = .01; η2 = 0.12). The improvement in verbal memory and attention was significant within both groups (p < .05), but this improvement was not different between the groups (p > .05). A significant improvement in balance was also observed in the PIT group, with a medium effect size (p = .04; η2 = 0.09). Although mobility improved significantly in both groups (p < .01), there was no significant difference between groups (p = .08). These results were largely supported by the PP analysis. Discussion and Implications: Dual-task exergame training can improve mobility and cognition in older adults. However, the different cognitive and physical demands of these interventions may have varying impacts on fall risk and related physical or cognitive functions. Therefore, a training program that includes both cognitive and physical domains with appropriate intensity is essential for the development of tailored exergame interventions to reduce fall risk in older adults. Translational Significance: This study addresses the problem of conflicting findings regarding the effectiveness of exergames on fall risk and related physical and cognitive function in older adults. The findings suggest that tailored exergame interventions combining cognitive and physical domains can effectively improve outcomes related to fall risk in older adults, highlighting the need for comprehensive training programs in this population. By providing evidence-based recommendations, this research has implications for developing targeted interventions and reducing fall risk among older individuals, thereby enhancing their independence, safety, overall well-being, and quality of life.

(c) 作者版权，CC-BY NC ND 4.0附加文件，用于文章《基于家庭的运动游戏训练对老年人认知和平衡能力的影响：一项关于两种运动游戏干预措施的准随机比较研究》
背景与目的：关于运动游戏对老年人跌倒风险及其相关身体和认知功能的影响效果，至今尚无明确结论，研究结果存在矛盾。这些结果之间的差异可能源于不同运动游戏干预措施中组成部分及任务特定需求的差异。本研究为一项开放标签的准随机研究，旨在比较两种不同的基于家庭的复合任务运动游戏治疗的疗效，即认知密集型运动游戏训练（CIT）或身体密集型运动游戏训练（PIT），以评估其对老年人认知、移动性和平衡能力的影响。
研究设计与方法：将50名65至85岁的老年人分配到两种8周的运动游戏干预措施之一：认知密集型运动游戏训练或身体密集型运动游戏训练。在基线和8周后对认知功能、平衡能力和移动性进行评估。通过重复测量方差分析（ANOVA）测量组间×时间交互作用，并执行意向治疗（ITT）和方案分析（PP）以评估运动游戏干预措施的有效性。
结果：ITT分析表明，在CIT组中，视觉处理速度和视觉空间工作记忆的改善更为显著，具有中等效应量（p = .04；η2 = 0.09和p = .01；η2 = 0.12）。两组中言语记忆和注意力的改善均具有统计学意义（p < .05），但两组之间的改善并无显著差异（p > .05）。在PIT组中也观察到平衡能力的显著改善，具有中等效应量（p = .04；η2 = 0.09）。尽管两组的移动性均显著改善（p < .01），但组间无显著差异（p = .08）。这些结果主要得到了PP分析的支持。
讨论与启示：复合任务运动游戏训练可以改善老年人的移动性和认知能力。然而，这些干预措施在认知和身体需求上的不同可能对跌倒风险及其相关身体或认知功能产生不同的影响。因此，一个包含认知和身体领域，并具有适当强度的训练计划对于开发针对老年人的定制化运动游戏干预措施以降低跌倒风险至关重要。
转化意义：本研究针对关于运动游戏对老年人跌倒风险及其相关身体和认知功能影响效果的矛盾研究结果进行了探讨。研究结果提示，结合认知和身体领域的定制化运动游戏干预措施可以有效改善与跌倒风险相关的结果，凸显了在老年人群体中开展综合训练计划的必要性。通过提供基于证据的建议，本研究对开发针对性干预措施和降低老年人跌倒风险具有重要意义，从而增强他们的独立性、安全性、整体福祉和生活质量。