Increased noise as an effect of haploinsufficiency of the tumor-suppressor gene neurofibromatosis type 1 in vitro

In human diseases related to tumor-suppressor genes, it is suggested that only the complete loss of the protein results in specific symptoms such as tumor formation, whereas simple reduction of protein quantity to 50%, called haploinsufficiency, essentially does not affect cellular behavior. Using a model of gene expression, it was presumed that haploinsufficiency is related to an increased noise in gene expression also in vivo [Cook, D. L., Gerber, A. N. & Tapscott, S. J. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 15641–15646]. Here, we demonstrate that haploinsufficiency of the tumor-suppressor gene neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) results in an increased variation of dendrite formation in cultured NF1 melanocytes. These morphological differences between NF1 and control melanocytes can be described by a mathematical model in which the cell is considered to be a self-organized automaton. The model describes the adjustment of the cells to a set point and includes a noise term that allows for stochastic processes. It describes the experimental data of control and NF1 melanocytes. In the cells haploinsufficient for NF1 we found an altered signal-to-noise ratio detectable as increased variation in dendrite formation in two of three investigated morphological parameters. We also suggest that in vivo NF1 haploinsufficiency results in an increased noise in cellular regulation and that this effect of haploinsufficiency may be found also in other tumor suppressors.