Enterprise Survey 2013 - Armenia

Abstract
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This research was conducted in Armenia between November 2012 and July 2013, as part of the fifth round of the Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS V), a joint initiative of the World Bank and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The objective of the study is to obtain feedback from enterprises in client countries on the state of the private sector. The research is also used to build a panel of enterprise data that will make it possible to track changes in the business environment over time, thus allowing, for example, impact assessments of reforms. Through face-to-face interviews with firms in the manufacturing and services sectors, the survey assesses the constraints to private sector growth and creates statistically significant business environment indicators that are comparable across countries.

In Armenia, data from 360 establishments was analyzed. Stratified random sampling was used to select the surveyed businesses.

The survey topics include firm characteristics, information about sales and suppliers, competition, infrastructure services, judiciary and law enforcement collaboration, security, government policies, laws and regulations, financing, overall business environment, bribery, capacity utilization, performance and investment activities, and workforce composition.

In 2011, the innovation module was added to the standard set of Enterprise Surveys questionnaires to examine in detail how introduction of new products and practices influence firms' performance and management.

Geographic coverage
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National

Analysis unit
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The primary sampling unit of the study is the establishment. An establishment is a physical location where business is carried out and where industrial operations take place or services are provided. A firm may be composed of one or more establishments. For example, a brewery may have several bottling plants and several establishments for distribution. For the purposes of this survey an establishment must make its own financial decisions and have its own financial statements separate from those of the firm. An establishment must also have its own management and control over its payroll.

Universe
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The manufacturing and services sectors are the primary business sectors of interest. This corresponds to firms classified with International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) codes 15-37, 45, 50-52, 55, 60-64, and 72 (ISIC Rev.3.1). Formal (registered) companies with five or more employees are targeted for interview. Services firms include construction, retail, wholesale, hotels, restaurants, transport, storage, communications, and IT. Firms with 100% government/state ownership are not eligible to participate in Enterprise Surveys.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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The sample was selected using stratified random sampling technique. Three levels of stratification were used: industry, establishment size, and region.

Industry was stratified into one manufacturing and two service sectors (retail, and other services).

Size stratification was defined following the standardized definition for the roll-out: small (5 to 19 employees), medium (20 to 99 employees), and large (more than 99 employees). For stratification purposes, the number of employees was defined on the basis of reported permanent full-time workers. This seems to be an appropriate definition of the labor force since seasonal/casual/part-time employment is not a common practice, except in the sectors of construction and agriculture.

Regional stratification was defined in 4 regions (city and the surrounding business area) throughout Armenia.

The sample frame was from Armenia Business Directory (SYPUR). The enumerated establishments were then used as the frame for the selection of a sample with the aim of obtaining interviews at 360 establishments with five or more employees.

Given the impact that non-eligible units included in the sample universe may have on the results, adjustments may be needed when computing the appropriate weights for individual observations. The percentage of confirmed non-eligible units as a proportion of the total number of sampled establishments contacted for the survey was 6% (42 out of 704 establishments).

In the dataset, the variables a2 (sampling region), a6a (sampling establishment's size), and a4a (sampling sector) contain the establishment's classification into the strata chosen for each country using information from the sample frame. Variable a4a coded using ISIC Rev 3.1 codes for the chosen industries for stratification. These codes include most manufacturing industries (15 to 37), retail (52), and (45, 50, 51, 55, 60-64, 72) for other services.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The structure of the data base reflects the fact that three different versions of the questionnaire were used. The basic questionnaire, the Core Module, includes all common questions asked to all establishments from all sectors. The second expanded variation, the Manufacturing Questionnaire, is built upon the Core Module and adds some specific questions relevant to manufacturing sectors. The third expanded variation, the Retail Questionnaire, is also built upon the Core Module and adds to the core specific questions relevant to retail firms. Each variation of the questionnaire is identified by the index variable a0.

Cleaning operations
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Data entry and quality controls are implemented by the contractor and data is delivered to the World Bank in batches (typically 10%, 50% and 100%). These data deliveries are checked for logical consistency, out of range values, skip patterns, and duplicate entries. Problems are flagged by the World Bank and corrected by the implementing contractor through data checks, callbacks, and revisiting establishments.

Response rate
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Survey non-response must be differentiated from item non-response. The former refers to refusals to participate in the survey altogether, while the latter refers to the refusals to answer some specific questions. Enterprise Surveys suffer from both problems and different strategies were used to address these issues.

Item non-response was addressed by two strategies:
a- For sensitive questions that may generate negative reactions from the respondent, such as corruption or tax evasion, enumerators were instructed to collect the refusal to respond as a different option from don't know.
b- Establishments with incomplete information were re-contacted in order to complete this information, whenever necessary.

Survey non-response was addressed by maximizing efforts to contact establishments that were initially selected for interview. Attempts were made to contact the establishment for interview at different times/days of the week before a replacement establishment (with similar strata characteristics) was suggested for interview. Survey non-response did occur but substitutions were made in order to potentially achieve strata-specific goals.

The number of realized interviews per contacted establishments was 0.51. This number is the result of two factors: explicit refusals to participate in the survey, as reflected by the rate of rejection (which includes rejections of the screener and the main survey) and the quality of the sample frame, as represented by the presence of ineligible units. The number of rejections per contact was 0.38.

摘要
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本研究于2012年11月至2013年7月在亚美尼亚进行，作为世界银行和欧洲复兴开发银行共同发起的第五轮商业环境与企业绩效调查（BEEPS V）的一部分。研究旨在收集受调查国家企业的反馈，以了解私营部门的状况。该研究还用于构建企业数据面板，以便能够追踪随时间推移的商业环境变化，从而允许进行例如改革影响的评估。通过面对面访谈制造业和服务业的企业，调查评估了私营部门增长的制约因素，并创建了具有统计学意义的、可跨国家比较的商业环境指标。
在亚美尼亚，分析了360个机构的资料。采用分层随机抽样方法选择调查企业。
调查主题包括企业特征、销售和供应商信息、竞争、基础设施服务、司法和执法合作、安全、政府政策、法律法规、融资、整体商业环境、贿赂、产能利用率、绩效和投资活动，以及劳动力构成。
2011年，创新模块被添加到标准企业调查问卷中，以详细研究新产品和实践引入如何影响企业绩效和管理。
地理覆盖范围
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全国
分析单位
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研究的初级抽样单位是机构。机构是指开展商业活动和工业运营或提供服务的地方。一个企业可能由一个或多个机构组成。例如，一家啤酒厂可能有几个灌装厂和几个分销机构。在本调查中，机构必须能够做出自己的财务决策，并拥有与其企业财务报表分开的财务报表。机构还必须拥有自己的管理和对其薪酬的控制。
总体
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制造业和服务业是主要关注的商业部门。这对应于国际标准工业分类（ISIC）代码15-37、45、50-52、55、60-64和72（ISIC Rev.3.1）的企业。目标为拥有五名或以上员工的正式（注册）公司进行访谈。服务公司包括建筑、零售、批发、酒店、餐馆、运输、仓储、通信和IT。拥有100%政府/国家所有权的企业无资格参与企业调查。
数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
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样本采用分层随机抽样技术选择。使用了三个分层级别：行业、机构规模和地区。
行业分为一个制造业和两个服务业（零售和其他服务）。
规模分层根据标准推广定义定义：小型（5至19名员工）、中型（20至99名员工）和大型（超过99名员工）。为了分层的目的，员工数量根据报告的永久全职工人数量定义。这似乎是对劳动力的一个适当定义，因为建筑和农业部门以外的季节性/临时/兼职就业并不常见。
地区分层在亚美尼亚的4个地区（城市及其周边商业区）进行。
样本框架来自亚美尼亚商业目录（SYPUR）。然后使用枚举的机构作为选择样本的框架，目的是在360个拥有五名或以上员工的企业中进行访谈。
考虑到样本总体中包含的非合格单位可能对结果产生的影响，在计算个体观察结果的适当权重时可能需要进行调整。在调查中接触到的样本机构中，已确认的非合格单位占6%（42个机构中的704个）。
在数据集中，变量a2（抽样地区）、a6a（抽样机构的规模）和a4a（抽样行业）包含机构分类进入每个国家使用的样本框架中选择的地层信息。变量a4a使用ISIC Rev 3.1代码对选择的行业进行编码，这些代码包括大多数制造业行业（15至37）、零售（52）以及（45、50、51、55、60-64、72）的其他服务。
数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]
研究工具
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数据库的结构反映了使用三种不同版本的问卷的事实。基本问卷、核心模块包括所有向所有行业的企业提出的问题。第二个扩展版本，制造业问卷，建立在核心模块之上，并添加了一些与制造业相关的特定问题。第三个扩展版本，零售问卷，也建立在核心模块之上，并添加了一些与零售公司相关的特定问题。每个问卷版本的变体都由索引变量a0识别。
数据清理操作
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数据输入和质量控制由承包商执行，数据以批量形式（通常为10%、50%和100%）交付给世界银行。这些数据交付被检查逻辑一致性、超出范围值、跳过模式以及重复条目。问题由世界银行标记并由实施承包商通过数据检查、回访和重新访问机构进行纠正。
响应率
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必须区分调查的非响应和项目非响应。前者指的是完全拒绝参与调查，而后者指的是拒绝回答某些特定问题。企业调查（Enterprise Surveys）面临着这两种问题，并使用了不同的策略来解决这些问题。
项目非响应通过两种策略来解决：
a- 对于可能引起受访者负面反应的敏感问题，例如腐败或逃税，调查员被指示将拒绝回答收集为不同于不知道的不同选项。
b- 在必要时，信息不完整的企业会重新联系以完成这些信息。
调查非响应通过最大限度地努力联系最初选定的访谈企业来解决。在建议替换企业（具有相似分层特征）进行访谈之前，会尝试在不同时间/星期几联系企业进行访谈。调查非响应确实发生了，但进行了替换，以有可能实现分层特定的目标。
每个联系的企业实现的访谈数量为0.51。这个数字是两个因素的结果：明确拒绝参与调查，如反映在拒绝率（包括筛选器和主要调查的拒绝）中，以及样本框架的质量，如不合格单位的存在所代表。每个联系中的拒绝数量为0.38。