APE1 variants and predicted impact of amino acid change.

Sorting intolerant from tolerant (SIFT) uses sequence homology to predict effects on protein function (http://sift.jcvi.org/). Scores 0.5 are considered to be tolerated. The program polymorphic phenotypes (PolyPhen) predicts impact based on a set of empirical rules that apply to the protein’s sequence, phylogenetic and structural information (http://genetics.bwh.harvard.edu/pph/). Cologne University protein stability analysis tool (CupSat) predicts protein stability (http://cupsat.tu-bs.de/), and was employed using the PDB APE1 protein structure (1DE8).*Described previously in [33]. N/A = not available. Once = it was observed a single time.