Mapping threatened Thai bovids provides opportunities for improved conservation outcomes in Asia

Wild bovids provide important ecosystem functions throughout their ranges. Five wild bovids remain in Thailand: gaur (Bos gaurus), banteng (Bos javanicus), wild water buffalo (Bubalus arnee), mainland serow (Capricornis sumatraensis) and Chinese goral (Naemorhedus griseus). However, their populations and habitats have declined substantially and become fragmented. Here, we identify potentially suitable habitat for these threatened bovids using ecological niche models and quantify how much suitable area remains within protected areas. We combined species occurrence data with environmental variables and used spatially-restricted Biotic-Abiotic-Mobility frameworks with species-specific and single large accessible areas. We used ensembles from eight algorithms for generating maps and out-of-sample predictions to validate model performance against new data. Gaur, banteng, and buffalo models performed well throughout the entire distribution (≥62%) and in Thailand (≥80%). Mainland serow and Chi..., We collected the raw species occurrence data from several different sources. The data were collected using various field study methodologies, including observation of animal signs (e.g. footprint and dung) during forest patrols, direct observation during wildlife surveys, camera trapping, and radio-collar signals. The data coverage by country can be found in Table 1 in the main text, and for details of the data collection sites, see the supplementary materials Table S2 and S10.
We built ecological niche models (using ENMTML package in R) to identify habitat suitability and calculate how much potential suitable habitat for these species remains across their species distribution. The R code and map results are provided., , # Data from: Mapping threatened Thai bovids provides opportunities for improved conservation outcomes in Asia

## Code for creating Ecological Niche Models (ENMs) for 5 wild Bovidae species.

Reference: Horpiencharoen et al. *submitted*. Mapping threatened bovids provides opportunities for improved conservation outcomes in Asia.

* *Bos gaurus* (Gaur)
* *Bos javanicus* (Banteng)
* *Bubalus arnee* (Wild water buffalo)
* *Capricornis sumatraensis* (Mainland serow)
* *Naemorhedus griseus* (Chinese goral)

We used the package [ENMTML](https://github.com/andrefaa/ENMTML) for model building.

## How to use these scripts:

* Download the dataset.

**Warning: These are large files (~10 GB) and download can be slow.**
* folders and subfolder structure:
* 1\. data_preparation: the dataset use for modelling.
* 1.1 `acc`: the polygons (.shp) of accessible areas, it contains 6 subfolders large accessible areas (named: acc_la), and the others for species-specific accessible areas (accb...