COMPARATIVE DIAGNOSIS OF HEPATITIS B AND HEPATITIS C: CLINICAL AND LABORATORY PERSPECTIVES

Background: Hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) are leading causes of chronic liver disease worldwide. Despite overlapping clinical presentations, these infections differ in virology, transmission, natural history, and response to therapy. Accurate differentiation is crucial for effective management and prevention of complications. Aim: To provide a comprehensive review of the diagnostic strategies for HBV and HCV, emphasizing serological, molecular, and imaging methods, with a focus on differentiating features. Methods: A literature review was conducted on peer-reviewed articles, international guidelines, and clinical case reports related to HBV and HCV diagnostics. Comparative analysis was performed to highlight distinguishing characteristics between these viruses. Results: HBV diagnosis relies on HBsAg, HBeAg, anti-HBc, anti-HBs, and HBV DNA testing, whereas HCV diagnosis primarily uses anti-HCV antibodies and HCV RNA quantification. Imaging assists in detecting liver injury but is not virus-specific. Molecular assays enable accurate viral load monitoring, genotyping, and treatment planning. Differences in serological markers, viral kinetics, and transmission routes are key for differential diagnosis. Conclusion: Comprehensive, integrated diagnostic strategies combining serology, molecular assays, and imaging are essential for accurate differentiation between HBV and HCV. Such an approach facilitates timely therapy, monitoring, and prevention of hepatic complications.