Uncovering the Chromatin-Mediated Transcriptional Regulatory Network Governing Cold Stress Responses in Fish Immune Cells

Our study investigates how cold stress impacts the immune system of tilapia, a tropical fish model vital for both basic research and global aquaculture. As ectothermic animals, tilapia rely on external temperatures for physiological regulation, making them susceptible to environmental changes. Using paired ATAC and RNA sequencing, we analyzed changes in gene expression and chromatin accessibility in immune tissues under cold stress. This combined analysis allowed us to construct a transcriptional regulatory network based on altered cis elements and trans-factors. Within this network, we identified Stat1 as a hub transcription factor essential for immune cell survival, with over expression leading to cell death in the thymus. These findings provide significant insights into the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of cold stress response, enhancing our understanding of temperatures impact on the distribution and management of ectothermic species. This research is crucial for understanding the broader effects of climate change on aquatic ecosystems and developing strategies to improve the adaptability and survival of these species in fluctuating temperatures.