Objectives: One-third of individuals with focal epilepsy do not achieve seizure freedom despite best medical therapy. Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is the most common form of drug resistant foc
Aim: Valproic acid (VPA) is a classic broad-spectrum antiepileptic drug, with significant pharmacokinetic variability. Genetic polymorphisms contribute to this variability, influencing both VPA