African leopard scent marking: sending messages to and receiving messages from sympatric carnivores

. Here, we sought to determine the potential of manipulating scent marking as a wildlife management tool to deter leopards Panthera pardus. We also aimed to understand the effects of intra- and interspecific olfactory interactions on leopards. We monitored leopard scent marking activity in the Sabi Sands Game Reserve through camera trapping at 43 leopard marking sites (1450 trap nights). We simulated the presence of lions Panthera leo and spotted hyenas Crocuta crocuta by adding freshly collected scats to treatment sites and comparing these with control sites (no scats).