Effect of population and treatment on the measured biomarkers as established by two-way ANOVA.

Abbreviations: proline (Pro), total sugars (TSS), total phenolics (TP), antioxidant flavonoids (Fv), carotenoids (Caro), chlorophyll a and b (Chl a and Chl b), water content (WC%), sodium in roots and needles (Nar and Nan), potassium in roots and needles (Kr and Kn). Values represent P and its significance at 95% confidence level.