The proteome of the late Middle Pleistocene Harbin individual

Shotgun palaeoproteomic analyses were conducted on two petrous samples (64.3 and 35.1 mg, respectively) of a nearly complete cranium from Harbin, China, dating to at least 146,000 years. Ninety-five endogenous proteins were recovered, representing the best preserved proteome ever obtained from hominins. SAP assignment and phylogenetic analyses suggested the Harbin individual was most closely related to the high-coverage published genome from a Denisovan individual.