A Comprehensive Review of ESP32-Based IoT Architectures for Lean and Sustainable Smart Agriculture

The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies with Lean Manufacturing principleshas emerged as a promising approach to optimize agricultural productivity, sustainability, andresource utilization. Smart agriculture systems leveraging low-cost microcontrollers such asESP32 enable real-time monitoring, automation, and data-driven decision-making. This reviewpaper explores the convergence of IoT-based precision agriculture and Lean principles such aswaste reduction, continuous improvement, and efficiency optimization. The study examinessystem architectures, applications, benefits, and challenges associated with ESP32-based smartfarming systems. Findings indicate that IoT-enabled agriculture significantly enhances waterefficiency, crop yield, and operational efficiency, while Lean principles contribute to minimizing waste and improving process optimization . However, challenges such as scalability, datareliability, and implementation costs remain critical barriers, The paper concludes with futureresearch directions emphasizing intelligent automation and sustainable agricultural practices.