Social and Policy Factors Influencing Spatial Accessibility of Ear and Hearing Care Healthcare Providers in the United States: A State-Level Longitudinal Analysis

I used CMS National Plan and Provider Enumeration System (NPPES) data to construct a state-year panel for the 50 US states and Washington, DC from 2017–2024. I operationalized outcomes as state-year measures of audiologist supply and movement, including the total number of audiologists, the number of newly graduating audiologists, and counts of interstate moves based on year-to-year changes in registered practice state. I constructed annual LGBTQ+ and reproductive healthcare policy scores from state statutes and other primary documents, and included the number of active audiology graduate programs by state-year.