Teicoplanin Stress-Selected Mutations Increasing ς(B) Activity in Staphylococcus aureus

A natural rsbU mutant of Staphylococcus aureus, unable to activate the alternative transcription factor ς(B) via the RsbU pathway and therefore forming unpigmented colonies, produced first-step teicoplanin-resistant mutants upon selection for growth in the presence of teicoplanin, of which the majority were of an intense orange color. By using an asp23 promoter-luciferase fusion as an indicator, the pigmented mutants were shown to express increased ς(B) activity. Increased ς(B) activity was associated with point mutations in rsbW, releasing ς(B) from sequestration by the anti-sigma factor RsbW, or to promoter mutations increasing the ς(B)/RsbW ratio. Genetic manipulations involving the sigB operon suggested that the mutations within the operon were associated with the increase in teicoplanin resistance. The upregulation of ς(B) suggests that a ς(B)-controlled gene(s) is directly or indirectly involved in the development of teicoplanin resistance in S. aureus. Carotenoids do not contribute to teicoplanin resistance, since inactivation of the dehydrosqualene synthase gene crtM abolished pigment formation without affecting teicoplanin resistance. The relevant ς(B)-controlled target genes involved in teicoplanin resistance remain to be identified.