Permanent soil heatwaves by the end of the 21st Century

This dataset contains the yearly metrics of soil heatwaves (SHWs) that are calculated based on daily soil temperature at different soil depths based on the reanalysis dataset (i.e., ERA5) and multi-model CMIP6 simulations under histroical+SSP2-4.5 and historical+SSP5-8.5 scenarios by the end of the 21st centuray. SHW in a soil layer is defined as the period in which daily soil temperature in same layer exceeds the local and seasonally-varying 90th percentile threshold, following a similar definition for atmosphric heatwaves and marine heatwaves. The detection of SHWs and their metric (such as frequency, intensity, duration, etc.) are conducted by ‘marineHeatwaves.py’ (Hobday et al., 2016). The SHW metrics provided in this dataset include (but not limited to ):

'years_start'          Start year blocks (inclusive)'years_end'            End year of blocks (inclusive)'years_centre'         Decimal year at centre of blocks'count'                Total SHW count in each block'duration'             Average SHW duration in each block [days]'duration_max'         Maximum SHW duration in each block [days]'intensity_max'        Average SHW "maximum (peak) intensity" in each block [deg. C]'intensity_max_max'    Maximum SHW "maximum (peak) intensity" in each block [deg. C]'intensity_mean'       Average SHW "mean intensity" in each block [deg. C]'intensity_var'        Average SHW "intensity variability" in each block [deg. C]'intensity_cumulative' Average SHW "cumulative intensity" in each block [deg. C x days]'rate_onset'           Average SHW onset rate in each block [deg. C / days]'rate_decline'         Average SHW decline rate in each block [deg. C / days]'total_days'           Total number of SHW days in each block [days]'total_icum'           Total cumulative intensity over all SHWs in each block [deg. C x days]'intensity_max_relThresh', 'intensity_mean_relThresh', 'intensity_var_relThresh', and 'intensity_cumulative_relThresh' are as above except relative to the threshold (e.g., 90th percentile) rather than the seasonal climatology'intensity_max_abs', 'intensity_mean_abs', 'intensity_var_abs', and'intensity_cumulative_abs' are as above except as absolute magnitudes rather than relative to the seasonal climatology or threshold

The dataset was produced by Dr. Ming Luo (luom38[at]mail.sysu.edu.cn or luo.ming[at]hotmail.com), with help from authors in the paper titled "Permanent soil heatwaves by the end of the 21st Century":

Ming Luo#*, Lijie Lin#, Scott Jones, Zhen Liu, Sijia Wu, Xiaoyu Wang, Gabriel Ngar-Cheung Lau, Tao Pei*, Wei Zhang*, 2025. Permanent soil heatwaves by the end of the 21st Century. PNAS (submitted for publication).