Characteristics and weighted effect sizes of studies included in the wave attenuation meta-analysis.

(d) is found by calculating the difference between the means of the vegetated and unvegetated groups divided by the pooled standard deviation and weighted by a correction factor that adjusts for small sample size bias. Positive values indicate that marsh vegetation increases wave attenuation. Full citations are available in Figure S2.
* = Given the small number of studies evaluating wave attenuation, we included one freshwater study evaluating a species that can be found in coastal marshes. This species is also morphologically similar to many salt marsh species.