Supporting dataset for the article: Monitoring Megathrust-Earthquake-Cycle-Induced Relative Sea-Level Changes near Phuket, South Thailand, Using (Space) Geodetic Techniques

<strong>Authors</strong> Marc C. Naeije¹, Wim J. F. Simons¹^,*, Siriporn Pradit^2,*, Sommart Niemnil^3,4, Nalinee Thongtham ⁵, Mohamad A. Mustafar^1,6 and Prakrit Noppradit² <br> ^{<em>1 </em>}<em>Department of Space Engineering, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TUDelft), 2622 HS Delft, The Netherlands; [e-mail] (M.C.N.); [e-mail] (M.A.M.)<br> </em>^{<em>2 </em>}<em>Coastal Oceanography and Climate Change Research Center, Marine and Coastal Resources Institution (MACORIN), Prince of Songkla University, 90110 Songkla, Thailand; [e-mail]<br> </em>^{<em>3 </em>}<em>Royal Thai Naval Academy (RTNA), 10270 Samut Prakan, Thailand; [e-mail]<br> </em>^{<em>4 </em>}<em>Faculty of Science and Health Technology, Navamindradhiraj University, 10300 Bangkok, Thailand<br> </em>^{<em>5 </em>}<em>Marine Ecologist Consultant for the Department of Marine and Coastal Resources (DMCR),<br> </em>^{<em>6 </em>}<em>Centre of Studies for Surveying and Geomatics, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Perlis, 02600 Arau, Malaysia<br> </em>^{<em>* </em>}<em>Correspondence: [e-mail] (W.J.F.S.); [e-mail] (S.P.) 10210 Bangkok, Thailand; [e-mail]</em> <br> <strong>Abstract</strong> Temporal changes in vertical land motion (VLM) in and around Phuket Island in southern Thailand following the great 2004 Sumatra–Andaman megathrust earthquake have im-pacted the relative sea-level change estimates based on tide-gauge (TG) records. To better monitor the VLM, two new continuous global navigation satellite system (GNSS) stations have been installed in the past 5 years, situated on bedrock both near and at the Koh Taphao Noi Island TG in Phuket, which together with older global positioning system (GPS) data provides a clear in-sight in the VLM of Phuket Island from 1994 onward. In addition, satellite altimetry (SALT) data has been analyzed since 1992. The VLM (GPS) position and relative (TG) and absolute (SALT) sea-level change time series were successfully combined in pairs to validate each independent result (e.g., SALT − GNSS = TG): prior to the 2004 earthquake, the relative sea-level rise in Phuket was 1.0 ± 0.7 mm/yr, lower by 2.4 ± 0.2 mm/yr than the absolute sea-level rise caused by VLM. After the earthquake, nonlinear post-seismic subsidence has caused the VLM to drop by 10 cm in the past 17 years, resulting, by the end of 2020, in a relative sea-level rise by up to 16 cm. During the same period, other TG stations in south Thailand recorded similar sea-level increases. Combination with SALT further suggests that, prior to 2005, uplift (5.3 ± 1.4 mm/yr) of the coastal region of Ranong (north of Phuket) resulted in a relative sea-level fall, but since then, post-seismic-induced negative VLM may have significantly increased coastal erosion along the entire Andaman Sea coastline. <br> The data that supports the findings in the publication are attached as files in this repository. These are the raw RINEX files for the GNSS data, and the monthly-averaged tide gauge data. Satellite altimetry data is available through the RADS system. <br> <strong>Data files:</strong> The <em>GNSSDataThailand</em> file contains the GNSS data (raw rinex files) from the TUDelft GPS stations PMBC, KTPH and SPKN in Thailand. The <em>TideGaugeDataThailand</em> file contains the tide gauge data (montly averaged) for Phuket and the other five stations.

<strong>作者</strong> 马克·C·奈杰耶（Marc C. Naeije）¹、维姆·J·F·西蒙斯（Wim J. F. Simons）¹^,*、西丽蓬·普拉迪特（Siriporn Pradit）^2,*、索马特·尼姆尼尔（Sommart Niemnil）^3,4、纳莉妮·通塔姆（Nalinee Thongtham）⁵、穆罕默德·A·穆斯塔法（Mohamad A. Mustafar）^1,6 及 普拉克里特·诺普拉迪特（Prakrit Noppradit）² <br> ^<em>1</em> <em>代尔夫特理工大学（Delft University of Technology, TUDelft）航空工程学院空间工程系，荷兰代尔夫特2622 HS；[e-mail]（M.C.N.）；[e-mail]（M.A.M.）</em><br> ^<em>2</em> <em>宋卡王子大学（Prince of Songkla University）海洋与海岸资源研究所（Marine and Coastal Resources Institution, MACORIN）海岸海洋学与气候变化研究中心，泰国宋卡90110；[e-mail]</em><br> ^<em>3</em> <em>泰国皇家海军学院（Royal Thai Naval Academy, RTNA），泰国北榄府10270；[e-mail]</em><br> ^<em>4</em> <em>纳瓦明德拉杰大学（Navamindradhiraj University）科学与健康技术学院，泰国曼谷10300</em><br> ^<em>5</em> <em>泰国海洋与海岸资源部（Department of Marine and Coastal Resources, DMCR）海洋生态顾问</em><br> ^<em>6</em> <em>玛拉工艺大学玻璃市分校（Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Perlis）测量与地理信息研究中心，马来西亚亚罗02600</em><br> ^<em>*</em> <em>通讯作者：[e-mail]（W.J.F.S.）；[e-mail]（S.P.） 泰国曼谷10210；[e-mail]</em> <br> <strong>摘要</strong> 2004年苏门答腊-安达曼巨型逆冲地震后，泰国南部普吉岛及其周边区域的垂直陆地运动（vertical land motion, VLM）随时间的变化，对基于潮位站（tide-gauge, TG）记录的相对海平面变化估算造成了影响。为更好地监测垂直陆地运动，过去5年间我们在普吉岛塔浩诺伊岛（Koh Taphao Noi）潮位站附近及该站所在的基岩上布设了2台全新的连续运行全球导航卫星系统（global navigation satellite system, GNSS）站；结合早期全球定位系统（global positioning system, GPS）数据，可清晰解析1994年以来普吉岛的垂直陆地运动情况。此外，我们还对1992年以来的卫星测高（satellite altimetry, SALT）数据进行了分析。我们将垂直陆地运动（GPS实测）序列、相对海平面变化（潮位站实测）序列与绝对海平面变化（卫星测高实测）序列两两结合，实现了对各独立结果的交叉验证（例如：卫星测高数据 - 全球导航卫星系统数据 = 潮位站数据）：2004年地震前，普吉岛相对海平面上升速率为1.0±0.7 mm/yr，较垂直陆地运动引发的绝对海平面上升速率低2.4±0.2 mm/yr。地震发生后，非线性震后沉降导致垂直陆地运动在过往17年间下降了10 cm；至2020年末，这一变化使得相对海平面上升幅度最高达16 cm。同期，泰国南部其他潮位站也观测到了相似的海平面上升现象。结合卫星测高数据的进一步分析显示：2005年前，普吉岛以北的拉廊沿海区域抬升速率为5.3±1.4 mm/yr，导致相对海平面下降；但自2005年起，震后引发的负垂直陆地运动可能已大幅加剧了整个安达曼海沿岸的海岸侵蚀。 <br> 本研究成果所依托的数据已作为文件附于本仓库中，包括全球导航卫星系统原始RINEX格式文件，以及月均潮位站数据。卫星测高数据可通过RADS系统获取。 <br> <strong>数据文件：</strong> <em>GNSSDataThailand</em> 文件包含泰国代尔夫特理工大学GPS站PMBC、KTPH与SPKN的全球导航卫星系统原始RINEX格式数据；<em>TideGaugeDataThailand</em> 文件包含普吉岛及其他5个站点的月均潮位站数据。