Supplementary Material for: Assessing Human Factors Education for Patient Safety Among Students and Interns in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Introduction
Human factors (HF) are essential in healthcare, particularly for enhancing patient safety and minimizing errors. Globally, initiatives like AHRQ and GMC highlight the importance of HF in medical education to enhance patient safety, yet limited research exists on HF awareness among Saudi medical students. This study aims to assess HF awareness and the role of HF education in promoting patient safety among medical students and interns in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Methodology
This observational cross-sectional study in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, surveyed medical students and interns on HF awareness and skills. Data were collected via Google and analyzed via IBM SPSS 29.0.0.

Results
Our study included 676 participants, mostly female (57.2%), with the largest group from the University of Jeddah (53.4%). Over half had excellent academic performance (54.3%). Awareness of HF was reported by 60.5% and was significantly associated with university affiliation (p<0.001), academic year (p=0.003), and academic performance (p<0.001). Non-technical skills (NTS) training was reported by 81.1%, mainly in communication (70.6%). Confidence was highest in teamwork (55.0% extremely confident) and lowest in challenging authority (29.1%). Confidence levels were significantly associated with gender (p<0.001), university (p=0.002), academic year (p=0.015), and academic performance (p<0.001).

Conclusion
Our study highlights a generally moderate-to-high level of awareness of HF and a high level of appreciation for NTS among participants, with variations influenced by gender, university affiliation, academic level, and academic performance. Emphasizing early integration of HF and employing diverse teaching methods could enhance the effectiveness of NTS training in medical education.