in vitro rumen fermentation Raw sequence reads

Valorizing winery residues aligns with circular bioeconomy goals in regions where viticulture coexists with dairy production. Grape stalks are abundant but under-studied as ruminant feed. We assessed their effects on rumen fermentation and microbiota in a long-term in vitro system.Five high-forage diets were tested in the Rumen Simulation Technique (RUSITEC): control (CTRL), grape stalks from Lagrein (L-GS), Cabernet Sauvignon (CS-GS), and Merlot (M-GS), and grape seed meal (GSM). Each treatment was evaluated across three runs (5-day adaptation + 5-day sampling). Microbial community composition was profiled by Illumina 16S rRNA gene sequencing and analyzed in QIIME2.