Trypanosome parameters in units of the trypanosome length Ltryp and the thermal energy kBT with the corresponding physical values.

Ntryp is the number of particles discretizing the trypanosome, f is the beating frequency, s0 is the distance between two cross-sectional segments of the flagellum, Rmax is the maximum radius of the body, K is the bending rigidity of the flagellum, is the shear modulus of the body, kA,glob, kA,loc, and are the local area, global area, and volume constraint coefficients, and is the bending rigidity of the body. In simulations, we have selected Ltryp = 30, kBT = 0.1, and f = 0.025.