Quality indicators of diabetes care according to gender.

The first three columns show the likelihood (odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals) of women as compared to men (reference class) to be monitored for specific clinical parameters, to reach specific clinical outcomes and to be treated with specific classes of drugs. Odds ratios are crude, adjusted for patient characteristics only (age, diabetes duration, BMI, and smoking), and for patient characteristics and clustering effect. Statistically significant differences are in bold. The fourth column shows intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC). The higher the ICC, the greater the influence of the center level on the quality of care indicator. The fifth column shows the results of the multilevel analyses additionally adjusted for process indicators (i.e. monitoring and appropriateness indicators associated with each outcome).