Gut Microbiota and Metabolomic Changes Across Preterm Stages: Potential Associations with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

The coordinated postnatal development of the gut microbiome and metabolome is essential for preterm infant health, yet its disruption is increasingly linked to adverse outcomes such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). In this study, we performed an integrated multi-omics analysis of fecal samples collected from perterm infants to characterize temporal changes in gut microbial and metabolic profiles and explore their potential associations with BPD development. This study observed a distinct trajectory of the phylum Bacteroidota as a hallmark of normal gut maturation, with its abundance progressively declining across non-BPD infants. In contrast, infants who later developed BPD exhibited early depletion followed by irregular enrichment of Bacteroidota. Correlation analysis revealed that Streptococcus abundance was positively associated with elevated cysteic acid, a metabolite linked to oxidative stress. Together, these findings suggest that altered Bacteroidota succession and Streptococcus-associated oxidative imbalance may reflect early microbial-metabolic perturbations in infants at risk of BPD. This work provides preliminary, hypothesis-generating insights into gut-associated signatures potentially relevant to BPD pathogenesis.