The effects of experimental treatments on architectural indices (along Z-axis) on treatments, analyzed by analysis of variance (AOV) and paired t-Test.

The α-loose index (α-LI) is the radius of the cylinder where the proportion of the total leaf area reaches the critical proportion α (when α is 50%, α-LI denoted by 50%-LI, while α = 90%, α-LI denoted by 90%-LI). The PD is the planting distance. The r-compact index (r-CI) is the proportion of the leaf area included in the cylinder with a radius of r (when r equals half of the planting distance, r-CI is denoted by H-CI, while r is a quarter of the planting distance, r-CI is denoted by Q-CI). Wi is water management practices, Nj is nitrogen fertilizer application rate, Vk is variety, while the treatment number denoted by i and k varying from 1 to 3, j varying between 1 and 2.