Sequencing germline restricted chromosomes in Bradysia coprophila. Evolution of gene-rich germline restricted chromosomes in black-winged fungus gnats through introgression (Diptera: Sciaridae)

Germline restricted DNA has evolved in diverse animal taxa, and is found in several vertebrate clades, nematodes, and flies. In these lineages, either portions of chromosomes or entire chromosomes are eliminated from somatic cells early in development, restricting portions of the genome to the germline. We conducted a genomic analysis of germline restricted chromosomes in the fungus gnat Bradysia (Sciara) coprophila (Diptera: Sciaridae), which carries two large germline restricted “L” chromosomes. We sequenced and assembled the genome of B. coprophila, and used differences in sequence composition between somatic and germ tissues to identify GRC sequence. We found that the GRCs in B. coprophila are large, gene-rich, and have many genes with paralogs on other chromosomes in the genome.