Clinical outcome measures at one year according to subgroups at baseline.

Subgroups defined by the presence of disabling back pain and the presence of a disc herniation or nerve root compression on MRI at baseline. Values are n (%) or means ± SD. N = 379.
∫Perceived recovery was defined as complete or nearly complete disappearance of symptoms according to the Likert-7 point scale.
‡The Roland Disability Questionnaire for Sciatica is a disease-specific disability scale that measures the functional status of patients with pain in the leg or back. Scores range from 0 to 23, with higher scores indicating worse functional status.
¶The intensity of pain is indicated on a horizontal 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS) with 0 representing no pain and 100 the worst pain ever experienced.