Education or procedures? Factors of officials' anti-corruption attitudes

In the study, we investigated officials’ attitudes toward corruption depending on their sense of external security (procedures) and internal security (level of knowledge). In other words, we verified the importance of participatory and formal corruption safeguards. Officials working in all types of communes across Poland participated in the study (N=6,024). The analyses confirmed our assumptions concerning the significant role of training safeguards. Respondents declaring a stronger sense of training security (i.e., those confident in their knowledge and training) confirmed more often the possibility of eliminating corruption from local government administration, perceived it unequivocally negatively, and were less skeptical in terms of possible corrupt behavior on the part of other officials. They also declared relatively more often that they would not remain indifferent to corrupt behavior in their environment.