TABLE 2 in Under the surface: what we know about the threats to subterranean fishes in Brazil

TABLE 2 | Brazilian subterranean fishes: threats, possible causes, IUCN categories, and occurrence in Conservation Units.
SpeciesThreatsPossible causesIUCN Brazilian Red List (ICMBio/MMA, 2018)IUCN Global Red ListConservation UnitStygichthys typhlops Brittan & Böhlke, 1965Lowering of the aquifer; physical change of the habitatArtesian wells for fruit irrigation; climate changeEndangered (EN)Deficient Data (DD)Not includedEigenmannia vicentespelaea Triques, 1996Lowering of the base-level stream; siltation of the subterranean drainage; tourismLarge scale agriculture and irrigation projects (in the headwaters); deforestation of headwaters; unmanaged tourism; climate changeVulnerable (VU)Not includedTerra Ronca State ParkAncistrus cryptophthalmus Reis, 1987Lowering of the base-level streams; tourismLarge scale agriculture and irrigation projects (in the headwaters); deforestation of the headwaters; unmanaged tourism; climate changeEndangered (EN)Not includedTerra Ronca State ParkAncistrus formoso Sabino & Trajano, 1997Pollution; physical change of the habitatUse of pesticides for agriculture; mining for cement productionVulnerable (VU)Not includedLimits of the Serra da Bodoquena National ParkAncistrus sp. “bodoquena”physical change of the habitatDeforestation; mining projects for cement productionNot includedNot includedNot includedAspidoras mephisto Tencatt & Bichuette, 2017Pollution; physical change of the habitat; food restrictionUse of pesticides for agriculture; discharge of domestic sewage; mining projects for cement production; deforestation of cave surroundingsNot includedNot includedNot includedTrichomycterus itacarambiensis de Pinna & Trajano, 1996Physical change of the habitat; food restrictionDams inside the cave for water exploration; climate changeCritically Endangered (CR)Not includedLimits of the Cavernas do Peruaçu National ParkTrichomycterus dali Rizzato, Costa-Jr, Trajano & Bichuette, 2011Physical change of the habitat; pollutionMining projects for cement production; water exploration (irrigation for agriculture); deforestation of caves surroundings (agriculture and pastures); climate changeVulnerable (VU)Not includedLimits of the Serra da Bodoquena National Park (part)Trichomycterus rubbioli Bichuette & Rizzato, 2012Food restriction; physical change of the habitat; lowering of the upper phreaticDeforestation of cave surroundings (agriculture; pastures and charcoal production); potential large scale mining projects; climate changeVulnerable (VU)Not includedNot includedTrichomycterus sp. “ramalho”Lowering of the base-level stream; food restrictionDeforestation of cave surroundings (pastures and charcoal production); climate changeNot includedNot includedNot includedTrichomycterus sp. “iu iu”Lowering of the base-level stream; food restrictionDeforestation for agriculture and pastures (small scale); climate changeNot includedNot includedNot includedItuglanis passensis Fernández & Bichuette, 2002Lowering of the base-level stream; siltation of subterranean drainage; food restrictionDeforestation for agriculture and pastures (small scale); climate changeVulnerable (VU)Not includedTerra Ronca State ParkItuglanis bambui Bichuette & Trajano, 2004Siltation of the upper vadose tributary; lowering of the upper vadose tributary; tourismUnmanaged tourism; climate changeCritically Endangered (CR)Not includedTerra Ronca State ParkItuglanis epikarsticus Bichuette & Trajano, 2004Lowering of the epikarst (upper aquifer); physical change of the habitat; tourismClimate change; unmanaged tourismVulnerable (VU)Not includedTerra Ronca State ParkItuglanis ramiroi Bichuette & Trajano, 2004Lowering of the upper vadose tributary; physical change of the habitat; tourismClimate change; unmanaged tourismVulnerable (VU)Not includedTerra Ronca State ParkItuglanis mambai Bichuette & Trajano, 2008Food restriction; siltation of the subterranean drainageDeforestation of surroundings (agriculture and pastures)Endangered (EN)Not includedNot includedItuglanis boticario Rizzato & Bichuette, 2015Food restriction; siltation of the subterranean drainageDeforestation of surroundings (agriculture and pastures)Not includedNot includedRio Vermelho Environmental Protection Area (APA)Ituglanis sp. “terra ronca”No dataNo dataNot includedNot includedTerra Ronca State ParkItuglanis sp. “posse”Physical change of the habitat; lowering of the upper phreaticDams inside the cave for water exploration; climate changeNot includedNot includedNot includedItuglanis sp. “canastra”Food restriction; lowering of the base-level streamDeforestation of surroundings; climate changeNot includedNot includedLimits of the Serra da Canastra National ParkGlaphyropoma spinosum Bichuette, de Pinna & Trajano, 2008Physical change of the habitat; tourismIllegal gold panning (“garimpo”); unmanaged tourismVulnerable (VU)Not includedChapada Diamantina National ParkCopionodon sp. “igatu”Physical change of the habitat; tourismIllegal gold panning (“garimpo”); unmanaged tourismNot includedNot includedChapada Diamantina National ParkPimelodella kronei (Miranda Ribeiro, 1907)Pollution (domestic sewage and others); overcollecting; physical change of the habitatIrregular land use; weak supervising; irregular visitation of the caveEndangered (EN)Deficient Data (DD)TurÍstico do Alto Ribeira State ParkPimelodella spelaea Trajano, Reis & Bichuette, 2007Lowering of the upper vadose tributary; physical change of the habitat; tourismClimate change; unmanaged tourismEndangered (EN)Not includedTerra Ronca State ParkPimelodella sp. “açungui”Physical change of the habitatSmall Hydroelectric Power Station (SHPS)Not includedNot includedNot includedRhamdia enfurnada Bichuette & Trajano, 2005Food restriction; physical change of the habitat; lowering of the base-level streamDeforestation of cave surroundings (agriculture; pastures and charcoal production); potential large scale mining projects; climate changeNot includedNot includedNot includedRhamdia sp. “bodoquena”Physical alteration of the habitatDeforestation of cave surroundings; mining projects for cement productionNot includedNot includedNot includedRhamdiopsis krugi Bockmann & Castro, 2010Siltation; food restriction; lowering of the aquifer; pollution (part of the aquifer); tourism (part of the caves)Deforestation of caves surroundings; installation of artesian wells; use of pesticides for agriculture; unmanaged tourismVulnerable (VU)Not includedNot includedRhamdiopsis sp. “gonçalo”Lowering of the aquifer; physical change of the habitatWater withdrawal and installation of artesian wells for human consumption and agriculture use (small scale); old saltpeter explorationNot includedNot includedNot includedRhamdiopsis sp. “cordisburgo”No dataNo dataNot includedNot includedNot includedRhamdiopsis sp. “ramalho”, two populations/ morphotypesLowering of the upper phreatic; physical change of the habitatWater withdrawal for human consumption and agriculture (small scale); dams inside the cavesNot includedNot includedNot includedRhamdiopsis sp. “caatinga”Lowering of the aquifer; physical change of the habitatWater withdrawal for human consumption and agriculture use (small scale); dams inside the caveNot includedNot includedNot includedPhenacorhamdia sp. “posse”Physical change of the habitat; lowering of the upper phreaticDams inside the cave; water withdrawal; climate changeNot includedNot includedNot includedPhreatobius cisternarum Goeldi, 1905Habitat fragmentation; food restrictionDeforestation for agriculture and pasture activitiesLeast Concerned (LC)Deficient Data (DD)Not includedPhreatobius dracunculus Shibatta, Muriel-Cunha & de Pinna, 2007Habitat fragmentation; food restrictionDeforestation for agriculture and pasture activities; miningDeficient Data (DD)Not includedNot includedPhreatobius sanguijuela Fernández, Saucedo, Carvajal-Vallejos & Schaefer, 2007Habitat fragmentation; food restrictionDeforestation for agriculture and pasture activitiesNot includedCritically Endangered (CR)Not included