抗裂果枣新品种选育及栽培技术创新与应用

本项目以经济林学、植物生理学、流体力学、昆虫学、农药学、应用数学为指导，历经13年，选育出具有自主知识产权、大果、易管理，综合性状优良的婆枣新品种2个、金丝小枣新品种2个 发明了有效减轻裂果的‘防裂营养剂、红枣防浆烂剂及提高苗木栽植成活率、防止长途运输导致根系失水死亡的蘸根保湿剂 通过药物筛选，研发出涂抹、滴注药剂，在发芽期用药1次可控制全年虫害。建立了优质安全高效配套栽培技术体系。 1.选育出具有自主知识产权、不同用途（干制、干鲜兼用）、通过省级审定的枣新品种 4 个。‘曙光3号、曙光 4 号为从第二大制干品种‘婆枣中选育出的抗裂果（裂果率低于2%）枣新品种，果个大，单果质量分别为19.3g、17.4g（婆枣为11.5g） ‘曙光3号干制、鲜食兼用，‘曙光4号适宜干制。‘曙光5号、‘曙光6号为从第一大制干品种金丝小枣中选育出的抗裂果新品种， 果个大，单果质量分别为12.65g、12.25g（金丝小枣为5g），早实、极丰产、果实整齐、抗裂果(裂果率 低于13%，金丝小枣为60%)、质优，鲜食、干制兼用，在沧州10月中旬成熟。新品种解决了枣产业中金丝小枣、婆枣易裂果的难题，是其理想换代品种。 2.发明了有效减轻枣裂果的果实防裂营养剂和红枣防腐烂剂发明了一种由羧甲基纤维素钠、钙剂、植物生长调节剂和水等按照一定比例制成的果实防裂营养剂（专利号：ZL201010589144.7），每年可减少喷施化学杀菌剂4～6次。研发出一种红枣防浆烂剂， 获得国家发明专利（专利号：ZL201010589110.8），药剂喷施后的氮、磷、钾、钙、硫等残留物被树体吸收后，树势增强，枣果实的生理病害明显减少，抗病能力显著提高。2 项专利技术经连续多年多点试 验，较常规管理减轻裂果60%以上，该项技术得到中央财政林业科技推广示范资金项目专项资助。

This project was guided by economic forestry, plant physiology, fluid mechanics, entomology, pesticide science and applied mathematics. Over 13 years of research, we bred 2 new Pozao jujube cultivars and 2 new Jinsixiaozao jujube cultivars with independent intellectual property rights, featuring large fruit size, easy management and excellent comprehensive traits. We invented anti-cracking nutrient agents to effectively reduce fruit cracking, jujube anti-slurry rot agents, and root-dipping moisture-retaining agents that improve seedling planting survival rate and prevent root water loss and death during long-distance transportation. Through drug screening, we developed coating and dripping agents, which only require one application during the germination stage to control pests throughout the entire year. We established a supporting cultivation technology system for high-quality, safe and efficient production.

1. Four jujube cultivars with independent intellectual property rights and different uses (dedicated drying, dual-purpose for fresh eating and drying) that passed provincial-level cultivar approval were bred. 'Shuguang 3' and 'Shuguang 4' are cracking-resistant new jujube cultivars (fruit cracking rate lower than 2%) bred from the second most widely planted drying cultivar 'Pozao'. Their single fruit weights are 19.3g and 17.4g respectively, compared to 11.5g for the original Pozao jujube. 'Shuguang 3' is suitable for both fresh eating and drying, while 'Shuguang 4' is dedicated to drying. 'Shuguang 5' and 'Shuguang 6' are cracking-resistant new cultivars bred from the first most widely planted drying cultivar 'Jinsixiaozao'. They feature large fruit size, with single fruit weights of 12.65g and 12.25g respectively, compared to 5g for the original Jinsixiaozao jujube. These cultivars have early fruiting, extremely high yield, uniform fruit size, cracking resistance (fruit cracking rate lower than 13%, compared to 60% for the original Jinsixiaozao jujube) and excellent quality, suitable for both fresh eating and drying, and ripen in mid-October in Cangzhou. These new cultivars solve the problem of easy fruit cracking of Pozao and Jinsixiaozao jujube in the jujube industry, and are ideal replacement cultivars.

2. We invented fruit anti-cracking nutrient agents and jujube anti-slurry rot agents to effectively reduce jujube fruit cracking. We developed a fruit anti-cracking nutrient agent formulated with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, calcium agents, plant growth regulators, water and other components in a specific ratio (Patent No.: ZL201010589144.7), which can reduce the application of chemical fungicides by 4 to 6 times annually. We also developed a jujube anti-slurry rot agent, which was granted a national invention patent (Patent No.: ZL201010589110.8). After spraying, the residual nutrients including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and sulfur are absorbed by the trees, enhancing tree vigor, significantly reducing physiological diseases of jujube fruits and improving disease resistance. These two patented technologies have been tested in multiple locations over consecutive years, reducing fruit cracking by more than 60% compared to conventional management. This technology was supported by the special fund of the Central Government's Forestry Science and Technology Promotion and Demonstration Project.

搜集汇总

背景与挑战

背景概述

该数据集聚焦于抗裂果枣新品种的选育和栽培技术创新，详细介绍了4个通过省级审定的枣新品种及其在抗裂果、果实大小和用途方面的优势，同时涵盖了防裂营养剂和防腐烂剂的发明专利及其应用效果，为枣产业的品种改良和栽培技术提供了重要参考。