Frequency of HPE spectrum defects in ethanol-treated 129S6.Cdon−/− mice at different stages of analysis.

*pCdon−/− embryos with saline and ethanol-treated Cdon+/+ embryos and saline-treated Cdon−/− embryos.**p>0.05, due to the relatively low n (4) for this analysis and the partial penetrance of the phenotype. However, in our experience, lobar HPE and defective palatogenesis are not observed in either Cdon+/+ or Cdon−/− embryos on the 129S6 background [27], [28].1Agnathia spectrum phenotypes include complete lack of mandible (1/14) and fused, shortened mandibular bone (2/14).