Electric bus coordinated charging strategy considering V2G and battery degradation

Dataset used on the paper "Electric bus coordinated charging strategy considering V2G and battery degradation"

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Abstract
The transportation sector decarbonization, contributing to climate change mitigation, drives the accelerated deployment of battery electric buses in urban environments. However, higher upfront costs, charging infrastructure deployment and operational issues are the main obstacles to their massive adoption. This work develops a novel mathematical model to deal with the charging schedule of a fleet of battery electric buses. This approach aims to minimize the charging costs of electric bus fleets considering the ageing of the batteries and the participation in vehicle to grid schemes. We developed a case study using real-world data from a small electric bus fleet of eleven electric buses in a medium-size Portuguese city, presently operating three bus. Further, we developed a sensitivity analysis to observe the possibilities of energy trading with the grid. The results indicate that above a battery replacement cost threshold of 100 €/kWh, it may become economically attractive for public transportation operators to sell back energy to the grid for a given remuneration scheme. Counting battery degradation and energy selling, our study indicates that operation costs could be 38% lower in 2030, for the simulated scenario. Furthermore, the total cost of ownership analysis indicates a cost reduction of 39% in a scenario considering vehicle to grid, in a 12-year time frame. The approach presented in this article provides a tailored tool to assist decision making in the electrification of bus systems to be employed by public transportation operators.